ReviewNature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology2009
Hepatitis B virus variants.
Review in Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 170 citations in OpenAlex.
- Single-Cell Hepatitis B Sequencing Reveals Distinct Viral Infection Events Consistent With Superinfection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Surface Gene Mutations of Hepatitis B Virus and Related Pathogenic Mechanisms: A Narrative Review.Viruses · 2025Review
- HBc: the multifunctional architect of HBV replication, immune evasion, and therapeutic innovation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- An Oxford Nanopore Technology-Based Hepatitis B Virus Sequencing Protocol Suitable for Genomic Surveillance Within Clinical Diagnostic Settings.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Lack of association between early on-treatment HBeAg seroclearance and development of hepatocellular carcinoma or decompensated cirrhosis.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2024Article
- An Oxford Nanopore Technology-Based Hepatitis B Virus Sequencing Protocol Suitable For Genomic Surveillance Within Clinical Diagnostic Settings.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Full-Length Genome Sequencing and Analysis of Hepatitis B Viruses Isolated from Iraqi Patients.International journal of microbiology · 2024Article
- HBV precore G1896A mutation promotes growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by activating ERK/MAPK pathway.Virologica Sinica · 2023Article
- Maternal A90V mutation in the PreS1 gene of sub-genotype C2 hepatitis B virus is associated with intrauterine transmission.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2023Article
- Cell-free methylation of RASSF1 and CDKN2AIP genes in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis B virus cirrhosis.Hepatology forum · 2022Article
- Development of sensitive and specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with lateral flow device for the rapid detection of hepatitis B virus infection.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2022Article
- Review on hepatitis B virus precore/core promoter mutations and their correlation with genotypes and liver disease severity.World journal of hepatology · 2022Review
- PRKDC promotes hepatitis B virus transcription through enhancing the binding of RNA Pol II to cccDNA.Cell death & disease · 2022Article
- Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes and Antiviral Resistance Mutations in Romanian HIV-HBV Co-Infected Patients.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Article
- Article
- Variable Proportions of Phylogenetic Clustering and Low Levels of Antiviral Drug Resistance among the Major HBV Sub-Genotypes in the Middle East and North Africa.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Quantitative analysis of the splice variants expressed by the major hepatitis B virus genotypes.Microbial genomics · 2021Article
- Potent human broadly neutralizing antibodies to hepatitis B virus from natural controllers.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2020Article
- The evolution and clinical impact of hepatitis B virus genome diversity.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2020Review
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
HBV replicates through reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate; the inherent lack of proofreading causes a high mutation frequency. Mutations in the precore and core promoter regions that abolish or reduce the production of hepatitis B e antigen occur most commonly. Patients with these HBV variants remain viremic and can develop progressive liver disease. Mutations in the core promoter region are associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Exogenous selection pressure might favor certain mutations. Mutations in the HBV polymerase that confer resistance to nucleoside and nucleotide analog treatments are a major barrier to the success of therapy for hepatitis B. The development of antiviral drug resistance negates the initial treatment response and can lead to hepatitis flares and hepatic decompensation. Prompt addition of another drug to which the virus is not cross-resistant is required. Mutations in the HBV surface protein that facilitate escape from host immunity are responsible for the failure of immune prophylaxis in infants who received HBV vaccine and in liver transplant recipients who received hepatitis B immune globulin.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.