ReviewNature reviews. Cardiology2009
Gender differences in the cardiovascular effect of sex hormones.
Review in Nature reviews. Cardiology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 164 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
164 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 359 citations in OpenAlex.
- SCAI/EAPCI/ACVC Expert Consensus Statement on Cardiogenic Shock in Women.EuroIntervention : journal of EuroPCR in collaboration with the Working Group on Interventional Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2025Guideline
- The causal relationship between steroid hormones and risk of stroke: evidence from a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Molecular brain · 2025Pooled it
- Jumping Rope Improves the Physical Fitness of Preadolescents Aged 10-12 Years: A Meta-Analysis.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Why do men have worse COVID-19-related outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis with sex adjusted for age.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2022Pooled it
- The diabetic pregnancy and offspring blood pressure in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetologia · 2012Pooled it
- The impact of exercise intensity and duration for swim training-induced adaptations in cardiac structure and function in women with mild hypertension.Physiological reports · 2024Trial
- 15 weeks of soccer training increases left ventricular mass and improves indices of left ventricular diastolic function in previously sedentary, mildly hypertensive, middle-aged women.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Trial
- Sleeve Gastrectomy and Gastric Bypass Decrease the Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Obese Men: Association with Weight Loss, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Circulating Testosterone.Obesity surgery · 2020Trial
- Accelerated resolution of inflammation underlies sex differences in inflammatory responses in humans.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2017Trial
- Effects of estrogen and opioid blockade on blood pressure reactivity to stress in postmenopausal women.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2014Trial
- Single-cell T-cell landscape in atherosclerosis: implications for targeted therapy and beyond.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Trends and Racial-Geographic Disparities in Coexisting Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Heart Failure (HF) Related Mortality Among U.S. Adults, 1999-2024.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Global burden of ischemic heart disease from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 and predictions to 2030.Chinese medical journal · 2026Article
- Assessment of insulin resistance indexes with longitudinal trajectories of cardiometabolic multimorbidity: insights from the UK Biobank.Nutrition & metabolism · 2026Article
- [Women and cardiovascular disease: Why is a gender-sensitive approach essential?]Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy and the progression to heart failure: mechanisms and interventions focusing on the "gene-inflammation-metabolism" axis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Recent findings on the global, regional, and national burden of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease in the elderly (1990-2021): an analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national trends in hypertensive heart disease burden due to high BMI: a 30-year analysis using GBD 2021 data with projections to 2035.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Triglyceride-glucose index and the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, panvascular disease, and multimorbidity: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- A Narrative Review of Risk Assessment Approaches for Implantable Defibrillator Therapy to Prevent Sudden Cardiac Death in Acute Myocardial Infarction.Cardiology research and practice · 2026Review
104 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The higher incidence of cardiovascular disease in men than in women of similar age, and the menopause-associated increase in cardiovascular disease in women, has led to speculation that gender-related differences in sex hormones have a key role in the development and evolution of cardiovascular disease. Compelling data have indicated that sex differences in vascular biology are determined not only by gender-related differences in sex steroid levels, but also by gender-specific tissue and cellular differences that mediate sex-specific responses. In this Review, we describe the sex-specific effects of estrogen and testosterone on cardiovascular risk, direct vascular effects of these sex hormones, and how these effects influence development of atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular effects of exogenous hormone administration are also discussed. Importantly, evidence has indicated that estrogens alone or in combination with progestins in postmenopausal women increase cardiovascular risk if started late after menopause, but that it possibly has beneficial cardiovascular effects in younger postmenopausal women, although data on long-term testosterone therapy are lacking. Hormone therapy should not be considered solely for primary prevention or treatment of cardiovascular disease at this time.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.