ArticleNeuroscience letters2009
Rotenone and paraquat do not directly activate microglia or induce inflammatory cytokine release.
Article in Neuroscience letters, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Shikonin alleviates rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease neuroinflammation by targeting PKM2-mediated glycolytic MG-Hs production.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Article
- A hypothesis explaining Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies overlap.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Immunity impacts cognitive deficits across neurological disorders.Journal of neurochemistry · 2024Review
- Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase reduces paraquat neurotoxicity in rodents.Environmental toxicology and pharmacology · 2023Article
- Dual role of Apolipoprotein D as long-term instructive factor and acute signal conditioning microglial secretory and phagocytic responses.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2023Article
- The influence of preconditioning with low dose of LPS on paraquat-induced neurotoxicity, microglia activation and expression of α-synuclein and synphilin-1 in the dopaminergic system.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2022Article
- Intranasal Exposure to Low-Dose Rotenone Induced Alpha-Synuclein Accumulation and Parkinson's Like Symptoms Without Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons.Neurotoxicity research · 2022Article
- Severe Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Agricultural Profession: A Retrospective Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The Contribution of Microglia to Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- The Health Hazards of Volcanoes: First Evidence of Neuroinflammation in the Hippocampus of Mice Exposed to Active Volcanic Surroundings.Mediators of inflammation · 2021Article
- Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury affects inflammation and excitotoxic mRNA expression at acute and chronic time-points.PloS one · 2021Article
- Parkinsonian neurotoxicants impair the anti-inflammatory response induced by IL4 in glial cells: involvement of the CD200-CD200R1 ligand-receptor pair.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, APAU, protects dopaminergic neurons against rotenone induced neurotoxicity: Implications for Parkinson's disease.Neurotoxicology · 2019Article
- LRRK2 Kinase Activity Induces Mitochondrial Fission in Microglia via Drp1 and Modulates Neuroinflammation.Experimental neurobiology · 2018Article
- Parkinsonian Neurotoxins Impair the Pro-inflammatory Response of Glial Cells.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2018Article
- The implication of neuronimmunoendocrine (NIE) modulatory network in the pathophysiologic process of Parkinson's disease.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2017Review
- Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Attenuates Neuron Damage by Suppressing the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced TLR4 Pathway in Activated Microglial Cells.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2016Article
- NADPH oxidase- and mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species in proinflammatory microglial activation: a bipartisan affair?Free radical biology & medicine · 2014Review
- Review
- Pesticides, microglial NOX2, and Parkinson's disease.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Both epidemiological and pathological data suggest an inflammatory response including microglia activation and neuro-inflammation in the Parkinsonian brain. Treatments with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), rotenone and paraquat have been used as models for Parkinson's disease, as they cause dopaminergic neuron degeneration in culture and in animals. Recent studies have suggested that rotenone and paraquat induce neuro-inflammation, however, it is not known if they can directly activate microglia. Here, we use primary cultured microglia to address this question. Microglia activation was analyzed by morphological changes and release of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines. Treatment with LPS was used as a positive control. While LPS induced morphological changes characteristic of microglial activation and release of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines, rotenone and paraquat did not. Our results suggest that paraquat and rotenone do not act directly on microglia and that neuro-inflammation and microglial activation in animals treated with these agents are likely non-cell autonomous, and may occur as a result of dopaminergic neuron damage or factors released by neurons and other cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.