ArticleThe American journal of medicine2009
Breastfeeding in infancy and adult cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Article in The American journal of medicine, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sustainability of breastfeeding interventions to reduce child mortality rates in low, middle-income countries: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in health services · 2022Pooled it
- Breastfeeding and Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Current diabetes reports · 2019Pooled it
- Breastfeeding, genetic susceptibility, and type 2 diabetes in offspring in later life.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2025Article
- HDL cholesterol as a mediator of the relationship between breastfeeding and coronary atherosclerosis from a two-step Mendelian randomization analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Longitudinal mediation analysis with multilevel and latent growth models: a separable effects causal approach.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
- Article
- Review
- Understanding the Immunological Quality of Breast Milk in Maternal Overweight and Obesity.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Breastfeeding is associated with reduced risks of central obesity and hypertension in young school-aged children: a large, population-based study.International breastfeeding journal · 2023Article
- Breastfeeding-Related Health Benefits in Children and Mothers: Vital Organs Perspective.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Review
- The relationship between pregnancy count and duration of breast-feeding with metabolic syndrome (Fasa Persian cohort study).BMC women's health · 2023Article
- Non-Cholesterol Sterols in Breast Milk and Risk of Allergic Outcomes in the First Two Years of Life.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Factors Attributed to Breastfeeding Success in a Tertiary Obstetric Hospital.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2022Article
- Heart Mitochondrial Metabolic Flexibility and Redox Status Are Improved by Donkey and Human Milk Intake.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Melatonin in Early Nutrition: Long-Term Effects on Cardiovascular System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Breast Milk, a Source of Beneficial Microbes and Associated Benefits for Infant Health.Nutrients · 2020Review
- Early life feeding and current dietary patterns are associated with biomarkers of glucose and lipid metabolism in young women from the Nutritionist's Health Study.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Article
- Breastfeeding duration in infancy and adult risks of type 2 diabetes in a high-income country.Maternal & child nutrition · 2019Article
- Has the adipokine profile an influence on the catch-up growth type in small for gestational age infants?Journal of physiology and biochemistry · 2019Article
- Infant Formula Feeding Increases Hepatic Cholesterol 7α Hydroxylase (CYP7A1) Expression and Fecal Bile Acid Loss in Neonatal Piglets.The Journal of nutrition · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPublic health recommendations advocate breastfeeding in infancy as a means to reduce obesity in later life. Several prior studies relating breastfeeding to cardiovascular risk factors have been limited by lack of adjustment for maternal and participant confounding factors.
methodsWe ascertained breastfeeding history via questionnaire from mothers enrolled in the Framingham Offspring Study. In their young to middle-aged adult children enrolled in the Framingham Third Generation, we examined the relations between maternal breastfeeding history (yes, no) and cardiovascular risk factors, including body mass index (BMI), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. We applied generalized estimating equations to account for sibling correlations and adjusted for maternal and participant lifestyle, education, and cardiovascular risk factors.
resultsIn Third Generation participants (n = 962, mean age = 41 years, 54% were women), 26% of their mothers reported breastfeeding. Compared with non-breastfed individuals, breastfed adult participants had lower multivariable-adjusted BMI (26.1 kg/m2 vs 26.9 kg/m2, P = .04) and higher HDL cholesterol levels (HDL 56.6 mg/dL vs 53.7 mg/dL, P = .01). On additional adjustment for BMI, the association between breastfeeding and HDL cholesterol was attenuated (P = .09). Breastfeeding was not associated with total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, or diastolic blood pressure.
conclusionBreastfeeding in infancy is inversely associated with adult BMI and positively associated with HDL cholesterol. Associations between breastfeeding and BMI may mediate the association between breastfeeding and HDL cholesterol.
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Registered trials
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