ArticleThe Journal of cell biology1991
Immunohistochemical localization of TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2, and TGF beta 3 in the mouse embryo: expression patterns suggest multiple roles during embryonic development.
Article in The Journal of cell biology, 1991. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 174 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
174 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 668 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interleukin-1 and Transforming Growth Factor Beta: Commonly Opposing, but Sometimes Supporting, Master Regulators of the Corneal Wound Healing Response to Injury.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Pooled it
- Cardiomyocyte-expressed TGFβ programs early heart maturation and adult myocyte identity.Nature cardiovascular research · 2026Article
- Review
- The meningeal-cerebellar axis: a new perspective on cerebellar development.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Review
- Evaluation of the effects of dimethyl fumarate on transforming growth factor beta levels in the liver of rats with bile duct ligation-induced cholestasis.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- Regulation of inflammatory lung injury and repair by transforming growth factors.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2025Review
- Integrating Genomics and Molecular Biology in Understanding Peritoneal Adhesion.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- TGF-β1-induced m6A modifications accelerate onset of nuclear cataract in high myopia by modulating the PCP pathway.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Emerging regulatory mechanisms and functions of biomolecular condensates: implications for therapeutic targets.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Article
- TGF-β signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Lack of Elevated Expression of TGFβ3 Contributes to the Delay of Epithelial Wound Healing in Diabetic Corneas.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- TGFβ signaling pathways in human health and disease.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Review
- Transforming growth factor beta signaling functions during mammalian kidney development.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2021Review
- TGFβ signaling networks in ovarian cancer progression and plasticity.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2021Review
- Review
- The Role of FoxG1 in the Inner Ear.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Review
- Mechanisms of synovial joint and articular cartilage development.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2019Review
- Understanding the marvels behind liver regeneration.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Developmental biology · 2019Review
- An updated classification of hair follicle morphogenesis.Experimental dermatology · 2019Review
114 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Isoform-specific antibodies to TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2, and TGF beta 3 proteins were generated and have been used to examine the expression of these factors in the developing mouse embryo from 12.5-18.5 d post coitum (d.p.c.). These studies demonstrate the initial characterization of both TGF beta 2 and beta 3 in mammalian embryogenesis and are compared with TGF beta 1. Expression of one or all three TGF beta proteins was observed in many tissues, e.g., cartilage, bone, teeth, muscle, heart, blood vessels, lung, kidney, gut, liver, eye, ear, skin, and nervous tissue. Furthermore, all three TGF beta proteins demonstrated discrete cell-specific patterns of expression at various stages of development and the wide variety of tissues expressing TGF beta proteins represent all three primary embryonic germ layers. For example, specific localization of TGF beta 1 was observed in the lens fibers of the eye (ectoderm), TGF beta 2 in the cortex of the adrenal gland (mesoderm), and TGF beta 3 in the cochlear epithelium of the inner ear (endoderm). Compared to the expression of TGF beta mRNA transcripts in a given embryonic tissue, TGF beta proteins were frequently colocalized within the same cell type as the mRNA, but in some cases were observed to localize to different cells than the mRNA, thereby indicating that a complex pattern of transcription, translation, and secretion for TGF beta s 1-3 exists in the mouse embryo. This also indicates that TGF beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 act through both paracrine and autocrine mechanisms during mammalian embryogenesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.