ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2009
Adolescent smoking and depression: evidence for self-medication and peer smoking mediation.
Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Tobacco outlet density and adolescents' cigarette smoking: a meta-analysis.Tobacco control · 2019Pooled it
- The Association of Cigarette Smoking With Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2017Pooled it
- White matter development and tobacco smoking in young adults: A systematic review with recommendations for future research.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2016Pooled it
- Intimate partner violence victimization and cigarette smoking: a meta-analytic review.Trauma, violence & abuse · 2013Pooled it
- Impact of reduced nicotine content on behavioral economic measures of cigarette reinforcement in adolescents who smoke cigarettes.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Trial
- Smoking abstinence symptoms across 67 days compared with randomized controls-Moderation by nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and negative-affect traits.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2019Trial
- Tobacco-Use Susceptibility and Ever-Use Categories in Relation to Depressive Symptoms Among Undergraduates at a Chinese University: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Episodic future thinking modulates delay discounting in individuals with problematic substance use: a narrative review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Late adolescent outcomes of childhood trajectories of internalizing symptoms: an 8-year follow-up of depressive and anxiety symptoms and cognitive, emotion- and behavior-related self-regulation facets.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2025Article
- Nicotine and Cannabis Use in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors: A Scoping Review.Journal of adolescent and young adult oncology · 2025Article
- A Cross Sectional Study on the Risk Perceptions and Barriers towards Smoking Cessation in a Rural Setting in Goa.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic differences in adolescent health behaviors and their effect on inequalities in adult depressed mood: findings from a 27-year longitudinal study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Social Capital and Depression Among Adolescents Relocated for Poverty Alleviation: The Mediating Effect of Life Satisfaction.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Prevalence of depressive symptoms and their determinants among adolescents in Can Tho City, Vietnam: A cross-sectional study.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2025Article
- Mendelian Randomization Analysis of the Causal Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Hospital Costs.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Blunt smoking during emerging adulthood: Characterizing transitions in cannabis and cigar co-use among a diverse cohort in Texas.Addictive behaviors · 2024Article
- The "Gateway" hypothesis: evaluation of evidence and alternative explanations.Harm reduction journal · 2024Review
- Unravelling the complex causal effects of substance use behaviours on common diseases.Communications medicine · 2024Article
- Depressive symptoms prospectively increase risk for new onset cigarette and ENDS dependence symptoms.Addictive behaviors · 2024Article
- Association between secondhand smoke exposure and anxiety among adolescents: A nationwide cross-sectional study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsThe nature of the relationship between adolescent smoking and depression is unclear and the mechanisms that account for the comorbidity have received little investigation. The present study sought to clarify the temporal precedence for smoking and depression and to determine whether these variables are linked indirectly through peer smoking.
participantsThe sample was composed of 1093 adolescents participating in a longitudinal study of the behavioral predictors of smoking adoption. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS: In this prospective cohort study, smoking, depression, peer smoking and other covariates were measured annually from mid-adolescence (9th grade; age 14) to late adolescence (12th grade, age 18).
findingsParallel processes latent growth curve models supported a bidirectional relationship between adolescent smoking and depression, where higher depression symptoms in mid-adolescence (age 14) predicted adolescent smoking progression from mid- to late adolescence (ages 14-18). A significant indirect effect indicated that higher depression symptoms across time predicted an increase in the number of smoking peers, which in turn predicted smoking progression from mid-adolescence to late adolescence. In addition, smoking progression predicted a deceleration of depression symptoms from mid- to late adolescence. A significant indirect effect indicated that greater smoking at baseline predicted a deceleration in the number of smoking peers across time, which predicted a deceleration in depression symptoms from mid-adolescence to late adolescence.
conclusionsThe current study provides the first evidence of bidirectional self-medication processes in the relationship between adolescent smoking and depression and highlights peer smoking as one explanation for the comorbidity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.