ArticleThe journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society2009
Toll-like receptors 3, 4, and 7 are expressed in the enteric nervous system and dorsal root ganglia.
Article in The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 144 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
144 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 281 citations in OpenAlex.
- A bibliometric analysis of studies related to the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway in knee osteoarthritis between 2004 and 2023.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Global research status and trends of enteric glia: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- Review
- Microbiota-immune-enteric nervous system interactions in functional constipation: a narrative review and hypothesis-generating framework.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Enteric Nervous System as a Mediator of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Interactions in Parkinson's Disease.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Review
- Modulation of the microbiota-enteric nervous system axis by environmental factors: from adaptive plasticity to maladaptive neuroenteric remodeling.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Gut-Brain Axis and Bile Acid Signaling: Linking Microbial Metabolism to Brain Function and Metabolic Regulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Mechanisms of enteric neuropathy in diverse contexts of gastrointestinal dysfunction.Neurogastroenterology and motility · 2025Review
- The role of the enteric nervous system in the pathogenesis of Clostridioides difficile infection.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Review
- Rewiring the Brain Through the Gut: Insights into Microbiota-Nervous System Interactions.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Microbiota-neuroepithelial signalling across the gut-brain axis.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Mass-Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics in the Study of Microbiome Mediators-Stress Relationship.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Important Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Chemotherapy-induced Diarrhea and Therapeutics.Journal of Cancer · 2025Review
- The influence of sex on neuroimmune communication, pain, and physiology.Biology of sex differences · 2024Review
- Mu-Opioid Receptor (MOR) Dependence of Pain in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Article
- Neuroimmune Interactions in the Intestine.Annual review of immunology · 2024Review
- Role of gut-derived bacterial lipopolysaccharide and peripheral TLR4 in immobilization stress-induced itch aggravation in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Interplay between Microbiota and γδ T Cells: Insights into Immune Homeostasis and Neuro-Immune Interactions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Memory Reflections of the Microbiota-Gut and Oligodendrocyte Axis.CNS & neurological disorders drug targets · 2024Review
- Expression of MHC II in DRG neurons attenuates paclitaxel-induced cold hypersensitivity in male and female mice.PloS one · 2024Article
84 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of innate immunity receptors belonging to the Toll-like family in the neural plexuses of the different tracts of murine intestine, of the human ileum, and in lower dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) from where extrinsic afferents to these plexuses originate. Results obtained by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence on paraffin-embedded tissue and whole-mount preparations show that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) -3 and -7, recognizing viral RNA, and TLR4, recognizing lipopolysaccharide (membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria), are expressed in the myenteric and submucous plexuses of murine intestine and human ileum, and in DRGs primary sensory neurons. They also show that TLR4 immunostaining is stronger in murine distal large bowel. In murine tissue, expression of TLRs was present in both neurons and glial cells. These observations indicate that the enteric neural network might be directly activated by bacterial and viral components and is therefore more in the forefront than previously envisaged in defense responses of the intestinal wall and in the cross-talk with intestinal microbiota. They also highlight the presence of a peripheral neural network that by way of hardwired neurotransmission could potentially convey to the central nervous system specific information on our microbial counterpart and invading or potentially invading pathogens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.