Trial reportDiabetes care2009
Sustained effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist treatment in type 2 diabetes.
Trial report in Diabetes care, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01477476 (Anti-IL-1 Treatment in Children Diabetic Keto-Acidosis), which is not on this map. Cited by 193 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Anti-IL-1 Treatment in Children Diabetic Keto-Acidosis (DKA) at Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes.
Who cites it
193 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 411 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Treatment of type 2 diabetes by targeting interleukin-1: a meta-analysis of 2921 patients.Seminars in immunopathology · 2019Pooled it
- Type 2 Diabetes: How Much of an Autoimmune Disease?Frontiers in endocrinology · 2019Pooled it
- The glucose-lowering effect of low-dose diacerein and its responsiveness metabolic markers in uncontrolled diabetes.BMC research notes · 2022Trial
- Anti-interleukin-1 treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and type 2 diabetes (TRACK): A multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial.PLoS medicine · 2019Trial
- Double-blind, randomized study evaluating the glycemic and anti-inflammatory effects of subcutaneous LY2189102, a neutralizing IL-1β antibody, in patients with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes care · 2013Trial
- Effects of gevokizumab on glycemia and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes.Diabetes care · 2012Trial
- Effect of diacerein on insulin secretion and metabolic control in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial.Diabetes care · 2011Trial
- Immunometabolism in Obesity-Associated Type 2 Diabetes: Molecular Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Genetically ModifiedJournal of diabetes research · 2026Article
- Targeting Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of Colchicine.Current diabetes reviews · 2026Review
- Canonical NF-κB Pathway as a Central Regulator of Obesity-Associated Inflammation: A Narrative Review.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Adropin modulates pancreatic cell proliferation and glutathione levels in an animal model of type 1 diabetes mellitus.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Varying levels of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (Genomic psychiatry : advancing science from genes to society · 2025Article
- Review
- Application of Ultrasound Localization Microscopy in Evaluating the Type 2 Diabetes Progression.Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Inflammation in the Placenta via IL-1β and Toll-like Receptor Pathways.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Differences in Cytokine Expression at Baseline and in Response to Mineral Stimulation by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Podoconiosis Cases and Healthy Control Individuals.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Tipping-point transition from transient to persistent inflammation in pancreatic islets.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2024Article
- Emerging insights into the role of IL-1 inhibitors and colchicine for inflammation control in type 2 diabetes.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2024Review
133 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveInterleukin (IL)-1 impairs insulin secretion and induces beta-cell apoptosis. Pancreatic beta-cell IL-1 expression is increased and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) expression reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes. Treatment with recombinant IL-1Ra improves glycemia and beta-cell function and reduces inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes. Here we investigated the durability of these responses. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsAmong 70 ambulatory patients who had type 2 diabetes, A1C >7.5%, and BMI >27 kg/m(2) and were randomly assigned to receive 13 weeks of anakinra, a recombinant human IL-1Ra, or placebo, 67 completed treatment and were included in this double-blind 39-week follow-up study. Primary outcome was change in beta-cell function after anakinra withdrawal. Analysis was done by intention to treat.
resultsThirty-nine weeks after anakinra withdrawal, the proinsulin-to-insulin (PI/I) ratio but not stimulated C-peptide remained improved (by -0.07 [95% CI -0.14 to -0.02], P = 0.011) compared with values in placebo-treated patients. Interestingly, a subgroup characterized by genetically determined low baseline IL-1Ra serum levels maintained the improved stimulated C-peptide obtained by 13 weeks of IL-1Ra treatment. Reductions in C-reactive protein (-3.2 mg/l [-6.2 to -1.1], P = 0.014) and in IL-6 (-1.4 ng/l [-2.6 to -0.3], P = 0.036) were maintained until the end of study.
conclusionsIL-1 blockade with anakinra induces improvement of the PI/I ratio and markers of systemic inflammation lasting 39 weeks after treatment withdrawal.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.