ArticleThe Journal of biological chemistry2009
The first gene-encoded amphibian neurotoxin.
Article in The Journal of biological chemistry, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Discovery and Functional Characterization of Kunitz-Type Toxins from the Tetrodotoxin-Bearing Flatworm Planocera Multitencaculata.Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Amphibians as a source of bioactive antioxidant peptides: Emerging insights and therapeutic potential.Zoological research · 2025Review
- Sea Anemone Kunitz Peptide HCIQ2c1 Reduces Histamine-, Lipopolysaccharide-, and Carrageenan-Induced Inflammation via the Suppression of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Peptides Isolated from Amphibian Skin Secretions with Emphasis on Antimicrobial Peptides.Toxins · 2022Review
- Kunitz-Type Peptides from Sea Anemones Protect Neuronal Cells against Parkinson's Disease Inductors via Inhibition of ROS Production and ATP-Induced P2X7 Receptor Activation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- AsKC11, a Kunitz Peptide fromMarine drugs · 2022Article
- Frog Skin Derived Peptides With Potential Protective Effects on Ultraviolet B-Induced Cutaneous Photodamage.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Predation of treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae) with toxic skin secretions by the black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus, Callitrichinae).Primates; journal of primatology · 2020Article
- Peptides for Skin Protection and Healing in Amphibians.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- A Frog-Derived Immunomodulatory Peptide Promotes Cutaneous Wound Healing by Regulating Cellular Response.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Identification of Arenin, a Novel Kunitz-Like Polypeptide from the Skin Secretions ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2018Article
- Article
- Article
- A Novel Trypsin Inhibitor-Like Cysteine-Rich Peptide from the Frog Lepidobatrachus laevis Containing Proteinase-Inhibiting Activity.Natural products and bioprospecting · 2015Article
- Purification and characterization of cholecystokinin from the skin of salamander Tylototriton verrucosus.Dong wu xue yan jiu = Zoological research · 2015Article
- Protease inhibitors from marine venomous animals and their counterparts in terrestrial venomous animals.Marine drugs · 2013Review
- Characteristics of hemolytic activity induced by skin secretions of the frog Kaloula pulchra hainana.The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · 2013Article
- Five novel antimicrobial peptides from the Kuhl's wart frog skin secretions, Limnonectes kuhlii.Molecular biology reports · 2013Article
- The first salamander defensin antimicrobial peptide.PloS one · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Many gene-encoded neurotoxins with various functions have been discovered in fish, reptiles, and mammals. A novel 60-residue neurotoxin peptide (anntoxin) that inhibited tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) was purified and characterized from the skin secretions of the tree frog Hyla annectans (Jerdon). This is the first gene-encoded neurotoxin found in amphibians. The IC50 of anntoxin for the TTX-S channel was about 3.4 microM. Anntoxin shares sequence homology with Kunitz-type toxins but contains only two of three highly conserved cysteine bridges, which are typically found in these small, basic neurotoxin modules, i.e. snake dendrotoxins. Anntoxin showed an inhibitory ability against trypsin with an inhibitory constant (Ki) of 0.025 microM. Anntoxin was distributed in skin, brain, stomach, and liver with a concentration of 25, 7, 3, and 2 microg/g wet tissue, respectively. H. annectans lives on trees or other plants for its entire life cycle, and its skin contains the largest amount of anntoxin, which possibly helps defend against various aggressors or predators. A low dose of anntoxin was found to induce lethal toxicity for several potential predators, including the insect, snake, bird, and mouse. The tissue distribution and functional properties of the current toxin may provide insights into the ecological adaptation of tree-living amphibians.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.