ReviewBMC neurology2009
Characteristics of compounds that cross the blood-brain barrier.
Review in BMC neurology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 324 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
324 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Systematic and Ethnobotanical Review of Ashwagandha's ( Withania Somnifera ) Teratogenic and Abortifacient Potentials.Phytotherapy research : PTR · 2026Pooled it
- Scientometric analysis of glioblastoma and blood-brain barrier research (1995-2024): evolving trends and therapeutic challenges.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- The influence of brain metastases on the central nervous system effects of methylnaltrexone: a post hoc analysis of 3 randomized, double-blind studies.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2021Trial
- A staged zebrafish-mouse screening strategy for antiseizure compound prioritization.Neuropharmacology · 2026Article
- A Topological and Spatial Analysis of FDA-Approved Drugs, Blood-Brain Barrier Permeants, Natural Products, and Metabolites.ChemMedChem · 2026Article
- High-Throughput Discovery of Near-Infrared Oxazine Probes for Fluorescence-Guided Glioblastoma Surgery.Cancers · 2026Article
- cGAS-STING axis: A central regulator of neural homeostasis and neuroinflammatory pathogenesis.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- A PET reporter ligand for quantitative imaging of gene expression in the brain.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- CD98hc-targeted antibody shuttles for central nervous system delivery with broad cross-species reactivity.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Advances in nano-TCM for Alzheimer's disease: lipid-based carriers integrated with innovative delivery strategies.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- The role of persistent inflammation in failed recovery after perinatal brain injury: is resolution the cure?Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- ToxiTaRGET: a multi-omics database for toxicant-responsive molecular targets.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Barrier breakdown: lung-brain crosstalk in systemic inflammation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Activation of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor promotes neuroblastoma proliferation and migration through distinct G protein pathways.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Consumption of processed foods impairs memory function through dietary advanced glycation end-products.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Antibody-drug conjugates for primary brain tumors.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Emerging neuroprotective mechanisms and therapeutic potential of natural polysaccharides in Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Carbon Dot Nanoparticle-based Therapeutic Approaches in Major Neurological Disorders.Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Recurrent Glioblastoma and the Tumor Immune Landscape: Emerging Immunotherapeutic Strategies.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- Tissue-type Differences in Focused Ultrasound and Microbubble-mediated Drug Delivery to the Brain Exist at Vessel Level.Theranostics · 2026Article
264 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Substances cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by a variety of mechanisms. These include transmembrane diffusion, saturable transporters, adsorptive endocytosis, and the extracellular pathways. Here, we focus on the chief characteristics of two mechanisms especially important in drug delivery: transmembrane diffusion and transporters. Transmembrane diffusion is non-saturable and depends, on first analysis, on the physicochemical characteristics of the substance. However, brain-to-blood efflux systems, enzymatic activity, plasma protein binding, and cerebral blood flow can greatly alter the amount of the substance crossing the BBB. Transport systems increase uptake of ligands by roughly 10-fold and are modified by physiological events and disease states. Most drugs in clinical use to date are small, lipid soluble molecules that cross the BBB by transmembrane diffusion. However, many drug delivery strategies in development target peptides, regulatory proteins, oligonucleotides, glycoproteins, and enzymes for which transporters have been described in recent years. We discuss two examples of drug delivery for newly discovered transporters: that for phosphorothioate oligonucleotides and for enzymes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.