ReviewMedical microbiology and immunology2009
Single domain antibodies: promising experimental and therapeutic tools in infection and immunity.
Review in Medical microbiology and immunology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 246 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
246 citing papers in PubMed, 501 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phase II/III Results of a Trial of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Multivalent NANOBODY Compound Ozoralizumab in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2022Trial
- Efficient discovery of an agonistic anti-OX40 nanobody by epitope-directed approach to address enrichment-driven epitope bias.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Camel Milk Shelf Life Optimization: Physicochemical Deterioration, Bioactive Preservation, and Non-Thermal Technologies: A Narrative Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Anti-capsid nanobodies function as HIV-1 capsid inhibitors by intracellular capsid degradation.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Adaptive Disorder as the Hallmark of Nanobodies Antigen-Binding Loops.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2026Article
- Affinity enhancement of an anti-VEGF humanized nanobody as a superior candidate to bevacizumab: integrative in silico and in vitro studies.BMC biotechnology · 2026Article
- Targeted protein degradation for fetal hemoglobin induction: a new paradigm in β-hemoglobinopathy therapy.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Processing-Induced Modifications of Camel Milk Immunoglobulins and Lactoferrin: Implications for Immunocompromised Pediatric Populations and Therapeutic Applications.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Camelid-Derived Nanobodies Targeting Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor: Screening, Expression, and Functional Validation.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies as Tools for Novel Target Identification in Kinetoplastid Research.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Fusion protein-mediated costimulation in engineered T cells: from intrinsic signaling to tumor microenvironment rewiring.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Development and application of a VNAR-based detection nanobody for avian influenza virus H9N2.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- VNpj viruses · 2025Article
- Nanobody-Functionalized Magnetic Beads for Enrichment of Foodborne Botulinum Toxin Type A Light Chain.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Next-Generation Therapeutic Antibodies for Cancer Treatment: Advancements, Applications, and Challenges.Molecular biotechnology · 2025Review
- Generation of nanobodies against the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus and establishment of an indirect immunofluorescence assay.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Modulating ion channels with nanobodies.Synthetic and systems biotechnology · 2025Review
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- ATP-Gated P2X7-Ion Channel on Kidney-Resident Natural Killer T Cells and Memory T Cells in Intrarenal Inflammation.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2025Article
186 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 8 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antibodies are important tools for experimental research and medical applications. Most antibodies are composed of two heavy and two light chains. Both chains contribute to the antigen-binding site which is usually flat or concave. In addition to these conventional antibodies, llamas, other camelids, and sharks also produce antibodies composed only of heavy chains. The antigen-binding site of these unusual heavy chain antibodies (hcAbs) is formed only by a single domain, designated VHH in camelid hcAbs and VNAR in shark hcAbs. VHH and VNAR are easily produced as recombinant proteins, designated single domain antibodies (sdAbs) or nanobodies. The CDR3 region of these sdAbs possesses the extraordinary capacity to form long fingerlike extensions that can extend into cavities on antigens, e.g., the active site crevice of enzymes. Other advantageous features of nanobodies include their small size, high solubility, thermal stability, refolding capacity, and good tissue penetration in vivo. Here we review the results of several recent proof-of-principle studies that open the exciting perspective of using sdAbs for modulating immune functions and for targeting toxins and microbes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.