ArticleJournal of bacteriology2009
Shiga toxin as a bacterial defense against a eukaryotic predator, Tetrahymena thermophila.
Article in Journal of bacteriology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 112 citations in OpenAlex.
- Factors Governing the Cross-Species Virulence of Shiga Toxin-ProducingPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Host species shapes genotype, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence profiles of enterotoxigenicApplied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- The Impact of Vp-Porin, an Outer Membrane Protein, on the Biological Characteristics and Virulence of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus.Biology · 2024Article
- Pathogenomes of Shiga Toxin Positive and NegativeMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Loss of the Acetate Switch in Vibrio vulnificus Enhances Predation Defense against Tetrahymena pyriformis.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2022Article
- Specialized Metabolite-Mediated Predation Defense in the Marine ActinobacteriumApplied and environmental microbiology · 2022Article
- PathogenicFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Microbial warfare in the wild-the impact of protists on the evolution and virulence of bacterial pathogens.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2021Review
- Functional genomics study of Pseudomonas putida to determine traits associated with avoidance of a myxobacterial predator.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Bacteriophages of Shiga Toxin-ProducingPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Vitamin K Analogs Influence the Growth and Virulence Potential of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2020Article
- Review
- Efficiency of induction of Shiga-toxin lambdoid prophages in Escherichia coli due to oxidative and antibiotic stress depends on the combination of prophage and the bacterial strain.Journal of applied genetics · 2020Article
- Pathogenomes of Atypical Non-shigatoxigenicFrontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Phage-centric ecological interactions in aquatic ecosystems revealed through ultra-deep metagenomics.Microbiome · 2019Article
- Review
- Functional analysis of RIP toxins from the Drosophila endosymbiont Spiroplasma poulsonii.BMC microbiology · 2019Article
- Cheating, facilitation and cooperation regulate the effectiveness of phage-encoded exotoxins as antipredator molecules.MicrobiologyOpen · 2019Article
- Historical contingency and productivity effects on food-chain length.Communications biology · 2019Article
- Ecology and Evolution of Chromosomal Gene Transfer between Environmental Microorganisms and Pathogens.Microbiology spectrum · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacterially derived exotoxins kill eukaryotic cells by inactivating factors and/or pathways that are universally conserved among eukaryotic organisms. The genes that encode these exotoxins are commonly found in bacterial viruses (bacteriophages). In the context of mammals, these toxins cause diseases ranging from cholera to diphtheria to enterohemorrhagic diarrhea. Phage-carried exotoxin genes are widespread in the environment and are found with unexpectedly high frequency in regions lacking the presumed mammalian "targets," suggesting that mammals are not the primary targets of these exotoxins. We suggest that such exotoxins may have evolved for the purpose of bacterial antipredator defense. We show here that Tetrahymena thermophila, a bacterivorous predator, is killed when cocultured with bacteria bearing a Shiga toxin (Stx)-encoding temperate bacteriophage. In cocultures with Tetrahymena, the Stx-encoding bacteria display a growth advantage over those that do not produce Stx. Tetrahymena is also killed by purified Stx. Disruption of the gene encoding the StxB subunit or addition of an excess of the nontoxic StxB subunit substantially reduced Stx holotoxin toxicity, suggesting that this subunit mediates intake and/or trafficking of Stx by Tetrahymena. Bacterially mediated Tetrahymena killing was blocked by mutations that prevented the bacterial SOS response (recA mutations) or by enzymes that breakdown H(2)O(2) (catalase), suggesting that the production of H(2)O(2) by Tetrahymena signals its presence to the bacteria, leading to bacteriophage induction and production of Stx.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.