ReviewCurrent opinion in immunology2009
Heterologous prime-boost vaccination.
Review in Current opinion in immunology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05162482 (Immunogenicity and Safety of Heterologous Combinations of COVID-19 Vaccines Available Under Emergency Use Authorization in Pakistan), which is not on this map. Cited by 284 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Immunogenicity and Safety of Heterologous Combinations of COVID-19 Vaccines Available Under Emergency Use Authorization in Pakistan: A Randomized Phase II Trial
Who cites it
284 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparing the clinical efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Immunogenicity and Safety of Heterologous Versus Homologous Prime-Boost Regimens With BBIBP-CorV and Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 Vaccines: A Multicentric, Randomized, Observer-Blinded Non-inferiority Trial in Madagascar and Mozambique.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Trial
- Heterologous AD5-nCOV plus CoronaVac versus homologous CoronaVac vaccination: a randomized phase 4 trial.Nature medicine · 2022Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia.Lancet (London, England) · 2020Trial
- DNA prime and peptide boost immunization elicits robust neoantigen-specific CD8Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal heterologous vaccination relies on type I interferons at priming to enhance mucosal immunity.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Immunogenicity and protective efficacy on non-adjuvanted CD40-targeting SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in non-human primates.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Long-Term Durability and Dynamics of Anti-S-RBD IgG Response in Healthcare Workers: A Comparative Analysis of Homologous and Heterologous SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Schedules in a 1-Year Serial Cross-Sectional Study.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Article
- Long-term cross-variant Fc-mediated immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 induced by a heterologous adenoviral/inactivated virus prime-boost vaccination strategy.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Combating respiratory diseases with mucosal vaccines.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Homologous MVA and heterologous DREP/MVA vaccine regimens induce robust and durable immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Assessment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis dodecin scaffold as a multimerization platform on the immunogenicity of HPV L2 antigens.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Plasmablast, memory B cell and T follicular helper cell responses after human papillomavirus vaccination: effect of dose number and age.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Therapeutic hepatitis B vaccine employing DNA prime - MVA boost scheme requires additional priming with recombinant HBsAg to elicit an adequate antibody response.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A pilot study on a heterologous prime-boost approach for inducing an immune response against double-layered human rotavirus particles.BMC research notes · 2025Article
- Immunogenicity and efficacy of homologous and heterologous NDV and MVA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in mice and hamsters.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Current Status and Challenges of Vaccine Development for Seasonal Human Coronaviruses.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Exploiting viral infection/vaccination to focus high-affinity T cell populations into tumors using oncolytic viro-immunotherapy.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
224 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
An effective vaccine usually requires more than one time immunization in the form of prime-boost. Traditionally the same vaccines are given multiple times as homologous boosts. New findings suggested that prime-boost can be done with different types of vaccines containing the same antigens. In many cases such heterologous prime-boost can be more immunogenic than homologous prime-boost. Heterologous prime-boost represents a new way of immunization and will stimulate better understanding on the immunological basis of vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.