ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2009
A primate subfamily of galectins expressed at the maternal-fetal interface that promote immune cell death.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 113 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 203 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preeclampsia and ABO blood groups: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular biology reports · 2013Pooled it
- Nanobody-based characterization of Galectin-13 reveals immunomodulatory and tumor-promoting functions.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Targeting VAMP5 suppresses PLK1-driven growth of gliomas with high NDRG4 expression.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Article
- Glycobiology-driven therapeutic targeting of glycan-binding proteins: mechanisms, diseases, and clinical translation.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Abnormal Galectin Signaling in the Pathomechanisms of Placental Dysfunction in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- An evolutionary genomic perspective on preterm birth, genome editing, and pregnancy in the human species.Frontiers in genome editing · 2026Review
- Trophoblast-derived proteins and their effects on the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.Histology and histopathology · 2026Review
- Infant Viability in Severe Preeclampsia: Management Strategies and the Potential Role of Calprotectin-A Narrative Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Exploring the Relevance of S100A8 and S100A9 Proteins in Preeclampsia: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Maternal and placental galectins: key players in the feto-maternal symbiotic tango.Seminars in immunopathology · 2025Review
- The Sweet Side of IVF: Biological Role and Diagnostic Potential of Galectin-9 in Female Infertility.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Research progress of galectins in glioma.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- The sweet and the bitter sides of galectin-1 in immunity: its role in immune cell functions, apoptosis, and immunotherapies for cancer with a focus on T cells.Seminars in immunopathology · 2025Review
- A novel multiple marker microarray analyzer and methodology to predict major obstetric syndromes using surface markers of circulating extracellular vesicles from maternal plasma.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Article
- Evolution and function of galectins inBBA advances · 2025Article
- Fetal growth restriction induced by maternal gal-3 deficiency is associated with altered gut-placenta axis.Cell death & disease · 2024Article
- Intracellular galectin interactions in health and disease.Seminars in immunopathology · 2024Review
- Placental Protein 13 and Syncytiotrophoblast Basement Membrane Ultrastructures in Preeclampsia.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- The regulated cell death at the maternal-fetal interface: beneficial or detrimental?Cell death discovery · 2024Review
- Galectins in Protozoan Parasitic Diseases: Potential Applications in Diagnostics and Therapeutics.Cells · 2023Review
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 10 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Galectins are proteins that regulate immune responses through the recognition of cell-surface glycans. We present evidence that 16 human galectin genes are expressed at the maternal-fetal interface and demonstrate that a cluster of 5 galectin genes on human chromosome 19 emerged during primate evolution as a result of duplication and rearrangement of genes and pseudogenes via a birth and death process primarily mediated by transposable long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs). Genes in the cluster are found only in anthropoids, a group of primate species that differ from their strepsirrhine counterparts by having relatively large brains and long gestations. Three of the human cluster genes (LGALS13, -14, and -16) were found to be placenta-specific. Homology modeling revealed conserved three-dimensional structures of galectins in the human cluster; however, analyses of 24 newly derived and 69 publicly available sequences in 10 anthropoid species indicate functional diversification by evidence of positive selection and amino acid replacements in carbohydrate-recognition domains. Moreover, we demonstrate altered sugar-binding capacities of 6 recombinant galectins in the cluster. We show that human placenta-specific galectins are predominantly expressed by the syncytiotrophoblast, a primary site of metabolic exchange where, early during pregnancy, the fetus comes in contact with immune cells circulating in maternal blood. Because ex vivo functional assays demonstrate that placenta-specific galectins induce the apoptosis of T lymphocytes, we propose that these galectins reduce the danger of maternal immune attacks on the fetal semiallograft, presumably conferring additional immune tolerance mechanisms and in turn sustaining hemochorial placentation during the long gestation of anthropoid primates.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.