ArticleInfection and immunity2009
Most environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A) are not lethal for mice.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fungal DNA damage repair: from model to driver of virulence and AMR.Bioscience reports · 2026Review
- Cryptococcus neoformans adapts to host CO2 concentrations via metabolic and stress-response remodeling.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Vaccine-Mediated Protection of Mice Against African and Asian Clinical Strains ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Pathogenicity and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans from an environmental perspective.Virulence · 2025Review
- Article
- Genomic Characterization ofVeterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Host-induced climate change: Carbon dioxide tolerance as a Cryptococcus neoformans virulence trait.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Microevolution of Cryptococcus neoformans in high COCell reports · 2025Article
- Discovery of CONature microbiology · 2024Article
- Biogenesis, germination, and pathogenesis ofMicrobiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2024Review
- Unbiased discovery of natural sequence variants that influence fungal virulence.Cell host & microbe · 2023Article
- Cryptococcus neoformans adapts to the host environment through TOR-mediated remodeling of phospholipid asymmetry.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Distinct pathways of adaptive evolution in Cryptococcus neoformans reveal a mutation in adenylyl cyclase with trade-offs for pathogenicity.Current biology : CB · 2023Article
- Importance of Clinical Isolates inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Similar evolutionary trajectories in an environmentalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
- Gluconate Kinase Is Required for Gluconate Assimilation and Sporulation in Cryptococcus neoformans.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Molecular mechanisms underlying the emergence of polygenetic antifungal drug resistance inJAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2022Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Most cases of cryptococcosis are caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A), which is widespread in the environment, where it is primarily associated with pigeon excreta. A number of molecular epidemiological studies indicate that many environmental and clinical isolates of serotype A are indistinguishable. However, the murine virulence of environmental strains of C. neoformans has not been thoroughly evaluated. We used the murine intranasal model of cryptococcosis to compare the lethality of clinical and environmental strains of serotype A that possessed identical genotypes as determined by amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Eleven environmental strains were tested, and only one caused disease within 60 days postinfection, at which time the experiments were terminated. Conversely, 7 of 10 clinical isolates were lethal for mice at median times of 19 to 40 days. Passing environmental isolates in mice (up to three times) did not significantly increase their lethality. In follow-up studies, we developed a new genotyping technique based on hybridization with TCN2 and TCN4 retrotransposon-specific probes. Although the retrotransposon banding patterns were unstable after prolonged incubation in the laboratory, this method was able to differentiate clinical and environmental strains that had the same AFLP/MLST genotypes.
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