ArticleInfection and immunity2009
Cytokine signaling regulates the outcome of intracellular macrophage parasitism by Cryptococcus neoformans.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 103 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 153 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine profiles predict risk of early mortality and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis.PLoS pathogens · 2015Trial
- Adjunctive interferon-γ immunotherapy for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized controlled trial.AIDS (London, England) · 2012Trial
- Temporal shifts in adaptive immunity drive HIV-associated cryptococcal IRIS: mechanisms, models, and therapeutic opportunities.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Iturin A disruptsNpj fungal science · 2026Article
- Exopolysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum Activate the NLRP3 Inflammasome, Modulating Phagocytes and the Response of Mice to Infection with Cryptococcus neoformans.Mycopathologia · 2025Article
- Biogenesis, germination, and pathogenesis ofMicrobiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2024Review
- Immune evasion byFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Kicking sleepers out of bed: Macrophages promote reactivation of dormant Cryptococcus neoformans by extracellular vesicle release and non-lytic exocytosis.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Toll-like receptor 4 and macrophage scavenger receptor 1 crosstalk regulates phagocytosis of a fungal pathogen.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Article
- Innate Pulmonary Phagocytes and Their Interactions with PathogenicJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Vomocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans cells from murine, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.PloS one · 2023Article
- Transcriptional Profiles Elucidate Differential Host Responses to Infection withJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Macrophage Mediated Immunomodulation DuringFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Murine Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression Is Essential for Antifungal Defenses in Kidneys during DisseminatedJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2021Article
- Transcriptional Changes in Pulmonary Phagocyte Subsets Dictate the Outcome Following Interaction With The Fungal PathogenFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Dangerous Liaisons: Interactions ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Laccase Affects the Rate of Cryptococcus neoformans Nonlytic Exocytosis from Macrophages.mBio · 2020Article
- Monitoring Glycolysis and Respiration Highlights Metabolic Inflexibility ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC2) Suppress Beneficial Type 1 Immune Responses During Pulmonary Cryptococcosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii commonly cause severe infections of the central nervous system in patients with impaired immunity but also increasingly in immunocompetent individuals. Cryptococcus is phagocytosed by macrophages but can then survive and proliferate within the phagosomes of these infected host cells. Moreover, Cryptococcus is able to escape into the extracellular environment via a recently discovered nonlytic mechanism (termed expulsion or extrusion). Although it is well established that the host's cytokine profile dramatically affects the outcome of cryptococcal disease, the molecular basis for this effect is unclear. Here, we report a systematic analysis of the influence of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines on the outcome of the interaction between macrophages and cryptococci. We show that Th1 and Th17 cytokines activate, whereas Th2 cytokines inhibit, anticryptococcal functions. Intracellular yeast proliferation was significantly lower after treatment with the Th1 cytokines gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha and the Th17 cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17). Interestingly, however, the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 significantly increased intracellular yeast proliferation while reducing the occurrence of pathogen expulsion. These results help explain the observed poor prognosis associated with the Th2 cytokine profile (e.g., in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.