ArticleArthritis and rheumatism2009
Gene-environment interaction between the DRB1 shared epitope and smoking in the risk of anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis: all alleles are important.
Article in Arthritis and rheumatism, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Smoking and multiple sclerosis: an updated meta-analysis.PloS one · 2011Pooled it
- Smoking interacts with HLA-DRB1 shared epitope in the development of anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Malaysian Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis (MyEIRA).Arthritis research & therapy · 2012Trial
- Preclinical Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathogenesis, Risk Stratification, and Therapeutic Interception.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Epidemiology and pathogenesis of the link between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2025Review
- Nanostructured lipid carriers in Rheumatoid Arthritis: treatment, advancements and applications.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- Gene-respiratory disease interactions for rheumatoid arthritis risk.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2023Article
- When Autoantibodies Are Missing: The Challenge of Seronegative Rheumatoid Arthritis.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Vitamin D Levels Among Rheumatoid Arthritis Sudanese Patients: Prevalence and Correlation to Disease Activity - A Bicentric Study.Open access rheumatology : research and reviews · 2023Article
- Inhalant and Additional Mucosal-Related Environmental Risks for Rheumatoid Arthritis.Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America · 2022Review
- Clinical Implications of Shared Epitope and Anti-citrullinated Peptide Antibody in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis.Journal of rheumatic diseases · 2022Article
- Association of Sinusitis and Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases With Incident Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case-control Study.The Journal of rheumatology · 2022Article
- Timing of sinusitis and other respiratory tract diseases and risk of rheumatoid arthritis.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2022Article
- Preclinical Autoimmune Disease: a Comparison of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Multiple Sclerosis and Type 1 Diabetes.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Association Between Baseline Anti-cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies and 6-Month Clinical Response Following Abatacept or TNF Inhibitor Treatment: A Real-World Analysis of Biologic-Experienced Patients with RA.Rheumatology and therapy · 2021Article
- Is seronegative rheumatoid arthritis true rheumatoid arthritis? A nationwide cohort study.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2021Article
- Article
- High Body Mass Index is Associated with Shorter Retention of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Blocker Treatment in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Biologics : targets & therapy · 2021Article
- Sex-Based Differences in Monocytic Lineage Cells Contribute to More Severe Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Female Rats Compared with Male Rats.Inflammation · 2020Article
- Interactions Between Genome-Wide Genetic Factors and Smoking Influencing Risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2020Article
- Long-term exposure to a mixture of industrial SOEnvironmental health : a global access science source · 2020Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveAn interaction effect for developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was previously observed between HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) alleles and smoking. We aimed to further investigate this interaction between distinct SE alleles and smoking regarding the risk of developing RA with and without anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs).
methodsWe used data regarding smoking habits and HLA-DRB1 genotypes from 1,319 patients and 943 controls from the Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis, in which 972 patients and 488 controls were SE positive. Subsequently, 759 patients and 328 controls were subtyped for specific alleles within the DRB1*04 group. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated by means of logistic regression. Interaction was evaluated by calculating attributable proportion due to interaction, with 95% CIs.
resultsA strong interaction between smoking and SE alleles in the development of ACPA-positive RA was observed for all DRB1*04 SE alleles taken as a group (relative risk [RR] 8.7 [95% CI 5.7-13.1]) and for the *0401 and *0404 alleles (RR 8.9 [95% CI 5.8-13.5]) and the *01 and *10 alleles (RR 4.9 [95% CI 3.0-7.8]) as specific, separate groups, with similar strength of interaction for the different groups (attributable proportion due to interaction 0.4 [95% CI 0.2-0.6], 0.5 [95% CI 0.3-0.7], and 0.6 [95% CI 0.4-0.8], respectively).
conclusionThere is a statistically significant interaction between distinct DRB1 SE alleles and smoking in the development of ACPA-positive RA. Interaction occurs with the *04 group as well as the *01/*10 group, demonstrating that regardless of fine specificity, all SE alleles strongly interact with smoking in conferring an increased risk of ACPA-positive RA.
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