ArticleArthritis and rheumatism2009
Prolactin alters the mechanisms of B cell tolerance induction.
Article in Arthritis and rheumatism, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Menstrual and reproductive factors, and hormonal contraception use: associations with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a pooled analysis of InterLymph case-control studies.Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology · 2012Pooled it
- Granulomatous mastitis: from localized inflammation to systemic immune-mediated disorder.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Interactions Between Prolactin, Intracellular Signaling, and Possible Implications in the Contractility and Pathophysiology of Asthma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Prolactin: A Key Immunoregulator in Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases.International journal of endocrinology · 2025Review
- Eomesodermin-expressing CD4+ Th cells and association with pregnancy in multiple sclerosis.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2024Article
- Sex hormones and allergies: exploring the gender differences in immune responses.Frontiers in allergy · 2024Review
- Immune pathogenesis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: from etiology toward therapeutic approaches.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Circulating prolactin level in Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and its correlation with disease activity: a case control study.Pediatric rheumatology online journal · 2023Article
- Knowledge Gaps and Current Evidence Regarding Breastfeeding Issues in Mothers with Chronic Diseases.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Review
- Assessment of Bidirectional Relationships between Mental Illness and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- The crucial role of prolactin-lactogenic hormone in Covid-19.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2022Review
- The effect of prolactin on immune cell subsets involved in SLE pathogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Secretory IgA and T cells targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are transferred to the breastmilk upon mRNA vaccination.Cell reports. Medicine · 2021Article
- Inhibition of the Activity of Cyclophilin A Impedes Prolactin Receptor-Mediated Signaling, Mammary Tumorigenesis, and Metastases.iScience · 2020Article
- Dopaminergic Agents in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2020Review
- PRL -1149T allele (rs1341239) is associated with decreased risk of rheumatoid arthritis in population from southern Mexico: analysis of mRNA expression and PRL serum levels.Clinical rheumatology · 2019Article
- Prolactin, autoimmunity, and motherhood: when should women avoid breastfeeding?Clinical rheumatology · 2019Review
- Article
- Sex bias in autoimmunity.Current opinion in rheumatology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveAutoimmune diseases predominantly affect women, suggesting that female sex hormones may play a role in the pathogenesis of such diseases. We have previously shown that persistent mild-to-moderate elevations in serum prolactin levels induce a break in self tolerance in mice with a BALB/c genetic background. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hyperprolactinemia on the mechanisms of B cell tolerance induction.
methodsEffects of prolactin on splenic B cell subsets were studied in female BALB/c mice. B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated apoptosis and proliferation of transitional B cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Expression of apoptotic genes was examined by microarrays and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. B cells coexpressing kappa/lambda light chains were assessed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Activation status of transitional type 3 (T3) B cells was evaluated by BCR-induced calcium influx studies.
resultsBCR-mediated apoptosis of the T1 B cell subset, a major checkpoint for negative selection of autoreactive specificities, was decreased in prolactin-treated mice. Microarray studies indicated that this event may be mediated by the prolactin-induced up-regulation of the antiapoptotic gene interferon-gamma receptor type II and down-regulation of the proapoptotic gene Trp63. Prolactin treatment also altered the amount of receptor editing, as indicated by the increased number of transitional B cells coexpressing kappa/lambda light chains. Additionally, hyperprolactinemia modified the level of B cell anergy by increasing the degree of BCR-induced calcium influx in the T3 B cells.
conclusionPersistently elevated serum prolactin levels interfere with B cell tolerance induction by impairing BCR-mediated clonal deletion, deregulating receptor editing, and decreasing the threshold for activation of anergic B cells, thereby promoting autoreactivity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.