ArticlePloS one2009
Immunological interactions between 2 common pathogens, Th1-inducing protozoan Toxoplasma gondii and the Th2-inducing helminth Fasciola hepatica.
Article in PloS one, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of variation in Toxoplasma gondii cyst burden in the murine model.Experimental parasitology · 2019Pooled it
- Helminth/Protozoan Coinfections in Chronic Fascioliasis Cases in Human Hyperendemic Areas: High Risk of Multiparasitism Linked to Transmission Aspects and Immunological, Environmental and Social Factors.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Article
- Main Cardiac Histopathologic Alterations in the Acute Phase ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Metallic Nanoparticles and Core-Shell Nanosystems in the Treatment, Diagnosis, and Prevention of Parasitic Diseases.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Trained immunity: a cutting edge approach for designing novel vaccines against parasitic diseases?Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ Cytokine Levels in Patients with Cystic Echinococcosis and Fascioliasis.Iranian journal of public health · 2022Article
- Sexual Dimorphism of the Neuroimmunoendocrine Response in the Spleen during a Helminth Infection: A New Role for an Old Player?Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The Influence of Genetic and Environmental Factors and Their Interactions on Immune Response to Helminth Infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Parasitic infections in Malaysian aborigines with pulmonary tuberculosis: a comparative cross-sectional study.Parasitology research · 2019Article
- Parasitic nematodes simultaneously suppress and benefit from coccidian coinfection in their natural mouse host.Parasitology · 2019Article
- Toxoplasma Co-infection Prevents Th2 Differentiation and Leads to a Helminth-Specific Th1 Response.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Article
- ChronicFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Article
- Protective antibody and cytokine responses in mice following immunization with recombinant beta-tubulin and subsequent Trypanosoma evansi challenge.Parasites & vectors · 2015Article
- Significance of a common 65 kDa antigen in the experimental fasciolosis and toxoplasmosis.Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2015Article
- What is the price of neglecting parasite groups when assessing the cost of co-infection?Epidemiology and infection · 2014Article
- Harnessing the helminth secretome for therapeutic immunomodulators.BioMed research international · 2014Review
- Serologic evidence that ascaris and toxoplasma infections impact inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori in Colombians.Helicobacter · 2012Article
- Antibody isotype analysis of malaria-nematode co-infection: problems and solutions associated with cross-reactivity.BMC immunology · 2010Article
- Immunity against helminths: interactions with the host and the intercurrent infections.Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology · 2010Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe nature of the immune response to infection is dependent on the type of infecting organism. Intracellular organisms such as Toxoplasma gondii stimulate a Th1-driven response associated with production of IL-12, IFN-gamma, nitric oxide and IgG2a antibodies and classical activation of macrophages. In contrast, extracellular helminths such as Fasciola hepatica induce Th2 responses characterised by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IgG1 antibodies and alternative activation of macrophages. As co-infections with these types of parasites commonly exist in the field it is relevant to examine how the various facets of the immune responses induced by each may influence or counter-regulate that of the other. PRINCIPAL
findingsRegardless, of whether F. hepatica infection preceded or succeeded T. gondii infection, there was little impact on the production of the Th1 cytokines IL-12, IFN-gamma or on the development of classically-activated macrophages induced by T. gondii. By contrast, the production of helminth-specific Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-5, was suppressed by infection with T. gondii. Additionally, the recruitment and alternative activation of macrophages by F. hepatica was blocked or reversed by subsequent infection with T. gondii. The clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis and the survival rate of infected mice were not significantly altered by the helminth.
conclusionsDespite previous studies showing that F. hepatica suppressed the classical activation of macrophages and the Th1-driven responses of mice to bystander microbial infection, as well as reduced their ability to reject these, here we found that the potent immune responses to T. gondii were capable of suppressing the responses to helminth infection. Clearly, the outcome of particular infections in polyparasitoses depends on the means and potency by which each pathogen controls the immune response.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.