ArticleNature2009
Dual nature of the adaptive immune system in lampreys.
Article in Nature, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 150 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
150 citing papers in PubMed, 323 citations in OpenAlex.
- A comprehensive and accessible database of jawed-vertebrate ohnologs.Science advances · 2026Article
- Multiple evolutionary routes to immune diversification across animals.International immunology · 2026Review
- An invariant VLR-like receptor refines the T-like cell framework in lamprey.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Animals have expanded the evolutionary legacy of unicellular ancestors in blood cells.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Biological foundation models illuminate annotation blind spots in evolutionarily divergent genomes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Ancient IL-6-STAT5 signaling orchestrates inflammation in jawless vertebrates.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The evolution of antibody-secreting cell biological exploration: one mouse model at a time.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Perspective: the variable lymphocyte receptor B system in the gut of the sea lamprey.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Variable lymphocyte receptor F is generated via somatic diversification and expressed by lamprey T-like cells.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples help to investigate transcriptomic responses in wildlife disease.Molecular ecology resources · 2025Article
- The NLRP3 inflammasome pathway contributes to chronic inflammation in experimental autoimmune uveitis.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Thermostable lamprey variable lymphocyte receptor antibody for detection of Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Understanding vertebrate immunity through comparative immunology.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- A Comprehensive Spatially Resolved Metabolomics Dataset for Lampreys.Scientific data · 2024Article
- Autoregulated splicing ofScience (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Exploring the Multiple Roles of Notch1 in Biological Development: An Analysis and Study Based on Phylogenetics and Transcriptomics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Characterizing CD38 expression in terminally differentiated B cells using variable lymphocyte receptor B tetramers.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- High throughput long-read sequencing of circulating lymphocytes of the evolutionarily distant sea lamprey reveals diversity and common elements of the variable lymphocyte receptor B (VLRB) repertoire.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- A History and Atlas of the Human CD4Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Convergent Evolution in a Murine Intestinal Parasite Rapidly Created the TGM Family of Molecular Mimics to Suppress the Host Immune Response.Genome biology and evolution · 2023Review
90 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Jawless vertebrates use variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) comprised of leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) segments as counterparts of the immunoglobulin-based receptors that jawed vertebrates use for antigen recognition. Highly diverse VLR genes are somatically assembled by the insertion of variable LRR sequences into incomplete germline VLRA and VLRB genes. Here we show that in sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) VLRA and VLRB anticipatory receptors are expressed by separate lymphocyte populations by monoallelic VLRA or VLRB assembly, together with expression of cytosine deaminase 1 (CDA1) or 2 (CDA2), respectively. Distinctive gene expression profiles for VLRA(+) and VLRB(+) lymphocytes resemble those of mammalian T and B cells. Although both the VLRA and the VLRB cells proliferate in response to antigenic stimulation, only the VLRB lymphocytes bind native antigens and differentiate into VLR antibody-secreting cells. Conversely, VLRA lymphocytes respond preferentially to a classical T-cell mitogen and upregulate the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine genes interleukin-17 (IL-17) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). The finding of T-like and B-like lymphocytes in lampreys offers new insight into the evolution of adaptive immunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.