ReviewPharmacological reviews2009
Therapeutic targeting of Toll-like receptors for infectious and inflammatory diseases and cancer.
Review in Pharmacological reviews, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02284074 (Nasal Lipopolysaccharide), which is not on this map. Cited by 189 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Nasal Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Challenge in Healthy Volunteers (HVs): Investigation of Tolerability, Dose Response and the Expression Profile of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1)
Who cites it
189 citing papers in PubMed, 421 citations in OpenAlex.
- The TLR9 agonist MGN1703 triggers a potent type I interferon response in the sigmoid colon.Mucosal immunology · 2018Trial
- Genome-wide association study identifies toll-like receptor four protein-mediated metabolic remodelling affecting gout pathogenesis.Journal of global health · 2026Observational
- Toll-like receptors in fish: evolution, structure, immune signaling, and translational prospects for adjuvant-based vaccine design in aquaculture.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Antibiotics re-booted-time to kick back against drug resistance.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Review
- TLR4 Targeting: A Promising Therapeutic Approach Across Multiple Human Diseases.Current protein & peptide science · 2025Review
- Current update on toll-like receptors and prostate cancer: a decade of progress and emerging insights.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- A Chimeric Peptide Derived from a Bacterial Effector Protein Attenuates TLR-2/4-Mediated Production of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Enhances the Cellular Availability of Gentamicin.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- o-Vanillin binds covalently to MAL/TIRAP Lys-210 but independently inhibits TLR2.Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2024Article
- MiR-574-5p activates human TLR8 to promote autoimmune signaling and lupus.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis identifies acute changes in the tumor microenvironment induced by interferon α gene therapy in a murine bladder cancer model.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
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- Pathomorphological Manifestations and the Course of the Cervical Cancer Disease Determined by Variations in theDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The architecture of transmembrane and cytoplasmic juxtamembrane regions of Toll-like receptors.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Evaluation of Immune Modulation by β-1,3; 1,6 D-Glucan Derived fromFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Toll-like receptor-guided therapeutic intervention of human cancers: molecular and immunological perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
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- Extensive blood transcriptome analysis reveals cellular signaling networks activated by circulating glycocalyx components reflecting vascular injury in COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
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- Recent Advances in the Development of Toll-like Receptor Agonist-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
129 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Since first being described in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have proven to be of great interest to immunologists and investigators interested in the molecular basis to inflammation. They recognize pathogen-derived factors and also products of inflamed tissue, and trigger signaling pathways that lead to activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappaB and the interferon regulatory factors. These in turn lead to induction of immune and inflammatory genes, including such important cytokines as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and type I interferon. Much evidence points to a role for TLRs in immune and inflammatory diseases and increasingly in cancer. Examples include clear roles for TLR4 in sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and allergy. TLR2 has been implicated in similar pathologic conditions and also in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and tumor metastasis. TLR7 has also been shown to be important in SLE. TLR5 has been shown to be radioprotective. Recent advances in our understanding of signaling pathways activated by TLRs, structural insights into TLRs bound to their ligands and antagonists, and approaches to inhibit TLRs (including antibodies, peptides, and small molecules) are providing possiblemeans by which to interfere with TLRs clinically. Here we review these recent advances and speculate about whether manipulating TLRs is likely to be successful in fighting off different diseases.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.