ArticleHypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)2009
Circulating and placental growth-differentiation factor 15 in preeclampsia and in pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus.
Article in Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between growth differentiation factor 15 levels and gestational diabetes mellitus: A combined analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Stressed, Stained, and Stored: The Impact of Maternal Distress and Smoking on Amniotic Biomarkers-A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Functional characterization of the GWAS lead SNP rs888663 and effects of GDF15 SNPs on GDF15 levels in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Association of late-pregnancy triglyceride-glucose index and growth differentiation factor 15 with adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Mechanism of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus exacerbating myocardial injury in male offspring by upregulating growth differentiation factor 15 to promote mitochondrial dysfunction.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
- Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) as an emerging biomarker for cardiovascular and kidney diseases, a therapeutic target in cancer and a potential biomarker for preeclampsia.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular biomarkers and preeclampsia: A narrative review.European journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial health, prenatal distress, and gestational age: investigation of cf-mtDNA and GDF15 in two pregnancy studies from the USA and Turkey.Mitochondrion · 2025Article
- The energetic stress cytokine GDF15 is elevated in the context of chronic and acute psychosocial stress.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Macrophage Depletion Alleviates Immunosenescence in Diabetic Kidney by Modulating GDF-15 and Klotho.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- GDF15 Knockout Does Not Substantially Impact Perinatal Body Weight or Neonatal Outcomes in Mice.Endocrinology · 2024Article
- TGFβ signalling: a nexus between inflammation, placental health and preeclampsia throughout pregnancy.Human reproduction update · 2024Review
- Association between plasma growth differentiation factor 15 levels and pre-eclampsia in China.Chronic diseases and translational medicine · 2024Article
- Biomarkers for Early Prediction and Management of Preeclampsia: A Comprehensive Review.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2024Review
- GDF15 knockout does not substantially impact perinatal body weight or neonatal outcomes in mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Molecular pathways in placental-fetal development and disruption.Molecular and cellular endocrinology · 2024Review
- Whole transcriptome profiling of placental pathobiology in SARS-CoV-2 pregnancies identifies placental dysfunction signatures.Clinical & translational immunology · 2024Article
- Nausea, vomiting and conflict in pregnancy: The adaptive significance of Growth-Differentiation Factor 15.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2024Article
- Insufficient GDF15 expression predisposes women to unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss by impairing extravillous trophoblast invasion.Cell proliferation · 2023Article
- Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) in endocrinology.Endocrine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Growth-differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), a stress-responsive transforming growth factor-beta-related cytokine, is emerging as a new risk marker in patients with cardiovascular disease. We explored GDF-15 in preeclampsia and in diabetic pregnancies, because these conditions are associated with augmented risk for cardiovascular disease, both in mother and in offspring. Plasma from pregnant women (n=267; controls: n=59, preeclampsia: n=85, diabetes mellitus: n=112, and superimposed preeclampsia in diabetes mellitus: n=11), fetal plasma (n=72), and amniotic fluid (n=99) were analyzed by immunoassay for GDF-15. Placental GDF-15 mRNA and protein expression levels were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblots in 78 and 18 pregnancies, respectively. Conditioned media from preeclamptic (n=6) and control (n=6) villous placenta explants were analyzed by immunoassay for GDF-15. Median maternal GDF-15 concentration was elevated in those with diabetes mellitus, as compared with controls (91 549 versus 79 875 ng/L; P=0.02). Median GDF-15 concentration was higher in patients with preeclampsia than in controls in term maternal blood samples (127 061 versus 80 319 ng/L; P<0.001). In the fetal circulation and amniotic fluid, GDF-15 was elevated in preeclampsia and superimposed preeclampsia in diabetes mellitus, as compared with controls. GDF-15 placental mRNA expression was elevated in preeclampsia, as compared with controls (P=0.002). Placenta immunoblots confirmed a single GDF-15 protein band, and a time-dependent increase in GDF-15 protein was detected in the conditioned media. Our study is the first to show that GDF-15 is dysregulated, both in preeclampsia and in diabetic pregnancies. The mechanisms and diagnostic implications of these findings remain to be explored.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.