ArticlePLoS biology2009
Neo-lymphoid aggregates in the adult liver can initiate potent cell-mediated immunity.
Article in PLoS biology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Liver- and Spleen-Specific Immune Responses in ExperimentalFrontiers in veterinary science · 2021Article
- Review
- Implications of Lymphatic Transport to Lymph Nodes in Immunity and Immunotherapy.Annual review of biomedical engineering · 2016Review
- Dendritic cells require NIK for CD40-dependent cross-priming of CD8+ T cells.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2015Article
- Role of interleukin-21 in HBV infection: friend or foe?Cellular & molecular immunology · 2015Review
- Intralymphatic immunotherapy.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2015Article
- Age-dependent hepatic lymphoid organization directs successful immunity to hepatitis B.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2013Article
- Impaired humoral immunity and tolerance in K14-VEGFR-3-Ig mice that lack dermal lymphatic drainage.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2012Article
- NIK prevents the development of hypereosinophilic syndrome-like disease in mice independent of IKKα activation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2012Article
- B cell: T cell interactions occur within hepatic granulomas during experimental visceral leishmaniasis.PloS one · 2012Article
- Involvement of CD4⁺ Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells in persistence of Leishmania donovani in the liver of alymphoplastic aly/aly mice.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2012Article
- NIK signaling in dendritic cells but not in T cells is required for the development of effector T cells and cell-mediated immune responses.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2011Article
- Manifestation of spontaneous and early autoimmune gastritis in CCR7-deficient mice.The American journal of pathology · 2011Article
- Article
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3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Subcutaneous immunization delivers antigen (Ag) to local Ag-presenting cells that subsequently migrate into draining lymph nodes (LNs). There, they initiate the activation and expansion of lymphocytes specific for their cognate Ag. In mammals, the structural environment of secondary lymphoid tissues (SLTs) is considered essential for the initiation of adaptive immunity. Nevertheless, cold-blooded vertebrates can initiate potent systemic immune responses even though they lack conventional SLTs. The emergence of lymph nodes provided mammals with drastically improved affinity maturation of B cells. Here, we combine the use of different strains of alymphoplastic mice and T cell migration mutants with an experimental paradigm in which the site of Ag delivery is distant from the site of priming and inflammation. We demonstrate that in mammals, SLTs serve primarily B cell priming and affinity maturation, whereas the induction of T cell-driven immune responses can occur outside of SLTs. We found that mice lacking conventional SLTs generate productive systemic CD4- as well as CD8-mediated responses, even under conditions in which draining LNs are considered compulsory for the initiation of adaptive immunity. We describe an alternative pathway for the induction of cell-mediated immunity (CMI), in which Ag-presenting cells sample Ag and migrate into the liver where they induce neo-lymphoid aggregates. These structures are insufficient to support antibody affinity maturation and class switching, but provide a novel surrogate environment for the initiation of CMI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.