ReviewThe Prostate2009
Evidence for field cancerization of the prostate.
Review in The Prostate, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Meta-analyses of mouse and human prostate single-cell transcriptomes reveal widespread epithelial plasticity in tissue regression, regeneration, and cancer.Genome medicine · 2025Pooled it
- A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia.Nutrition and cancer · 2015Trial
- Effects of ω-3 Fatty Acids and Catechins on Fatty Acid Synthase in the Prostate: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrition and cancerTrial
- Gene expression profiles in benign prostate tissue reflect tumor proximity, grade, and molecular subtype.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Integrated miRNA Sequencing and Network Analysis Reveal a Molecular Continuum Between Peritumoral and Tumor Tissue in Prostate Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Proteomic analysis across Healthy-NAT-Tumor tissues uncovers clinically relevant biological events in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Clarification of methodology and findings from the NeuroSAFE PROOF randomised controlled trial.Translational andrology and urology · 2026Article
- Tumor-associated macrophages and lineage plasticity in prostate cancer: from established myeloid programs to emerging spatial hypotheses.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Discovery of tumour indicating morphological changes in benign prostate biopsies through AI.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Meta-analyses of mouse and human prostate single-cell transcriptomes reveal widespread epithelial plasticity in tissue regression, regeneration, and cancer.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- A computational model for the cancer field effect.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2023Article
- The architecture of clonal expansions in morphologically normal tissue from cancerous and non-cancerous prostates.Molecular cancer · 2022Article
- Identification of novel prostate cancer genes in patients stratified by Gleason classification: Role of antitumoral genes.International journal of cancer · 2022Article
- Application of Mass Spectrometry Imaging in Uro-Oncology: Discovering Potential Biomarkers.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Expression of hsv1-miR-H18 and hsv2-miR-H9 as a field defect marker for detecting prostate cancer.Prostate international · 2022Article
- Expansion of Lymphocytes from Prostatic Adenocarcinoma and Adjacent Nonmalignant Tissue.Prostate cancer · 2022Article
- Genomic and phenotypic heterogeneity in prostate cancer.Nature reviews. Urology · 2021Review
- DNA Methylation and Breast Cancer Risk: An Epigenome-Wide Study of Normal Breast Tissue and Blood.Cancers · 2020Article
- Multiparametric MRI as a Biomarker of Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer-A Pilot Study.Academic radiology · 2020Article
- Article
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundField cancerization, which is not yet well-characterized in the prostate, occurs when large areas of an organ or tissue surface are affected by a carcinogenic insult, resulting in the development of multi-focal independent premalignant foci and molecular lesions that precede histological change.
methodsHerein, we review the cumulative body of evidence concerning field effects in the prostate and critically evaluate the methods available for the identification and validation of field effect biomarkers. Validated biomarkers for field effects have an important role to play as surrogate endpoint biomarkers in Phase II prevention trials and as clinical predictors of cancer in men with negative biopsies.
resultsThus far, field effects have been identified involving nuclear morphometric changes, gene expression, protein expression, gene promoter methylation, DNA damage and angiogenesis. In addition to comparing cancer-adjacent benign tissue to more distant areas or to "supernormal" tissue from cancer-free organs, investigators can use a nested case-control design for negative biopsies that offers a number of unique advantages.
conclusionsTrue carcinogenic field effects should be distinguished from secondary responses of the microenvironment to a developing tumor, although the latter may still lead to useful clinical prediction tools. Prostate 69: 1470-1479, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.