ArticleStroke2009
Brain activity changes associated with treadmill training after stroke.
Article in Stroke, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 70 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Cortex Motor Function Reorganization in Stroke Patients: A Longitudinal fMRI Study
GAIT Recovery in Patients aFter Acute Ischemic STroke: A Randomized Comparison of Robot-assisted and Therapist-assisted Gait Training on a Treadmill.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 151 citations in OpenAlex.
- Corticospinal Responses Following Gait-Specific Training in Stroke Survivors: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- MRI markers of functional connectivity and tissue microstructure in stroke-related motor rehabilitation: A systematic review.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2022Pooled it
- The effect of exercise on walking economy in patients with chronic neurological conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- The Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Balance and Gait in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Pooled it
- The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in People with Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neural plasticity · 2017Pooled it
- The effects of poststroke aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity: a systematic review of animal and clinical studies.Translational stroke research · 2015Pooled it
- Circuit class therapy for improving mobility after stroke.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2010Pooled it
- Effects of multi-sensory virtual reality training on gait adaptability and somatomotor network remodeling in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Trial
- Effectiveness of unilateral lower-limb exoskeleton robot on balance and gait recovery and neuroplasticity in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2024Trial
- Functional Neuroplasticity and Motor Skill Change Following Gross Motor Interventions for Children With Diplegic Cerebral Palsy.Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · 2023Trial
- Dual-task walking and automaticity after Stroke: Insights from a secondary analysis and imaging sub-study of a randomised controlled trial.Clinical rehabilitation · 2021Trial
- Paired inhibitory stimulation and gait training modulates supplemental motor area connectivity in freezing of gait.Parkinsonism & related disorders · 2021Trial
- Neuroplastic effects of end-effector robotic gait training for hemiparetic stroke: a randomised controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- Robot Training With Vector Fields Based on Stroke Survivors' Individual Movement Statistics.IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · 2018Trial
- Cerebral Reorganization in Subacute Stroke Survivors after Virtual Reality-Based Training: A Preliminary Study.Behavioural neurology · 2017Trial
- Changes of Brain Connectivity in the Primary Motor Cortex After Subcortical Stroke: A Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.Medicine · 2016Trial
- Does stroke location predict walk speed response to gait rehabilitation?Human brain mapping · 2016Trial
- Modular ankle robotics training in early subacute stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study.Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · 2014Trial
- Predictors and biomarkers of treatment gains in a clinical stroke trial targeting the lower extremity.Stroke · 2014Trial
- Short-term Therapeutic Effects of Antigravity Treadmill Training on Brain Activities and Walking Capacity in Children With Cerebral Palsy.Basic and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
background and purposeThe mechanisms underlying motor recovery after stroke are not fully understood. Several studies used functional MRI longitudinally to relate brain activity changes with performance gains of the upper limb after therapy, but research into training-induced recovery of lower limb function has been relatively neglected thus far.
methodsWe investigated functional reorganization after 4 weeks of treadmill training with partial body weight support in 18 chronic patients (mean age, 59.9+/-13.5 years) with mild to moderate paresis (Motricity Index affected leg: 77.7+/-10.5; range, 9 to 99) and gait impairment (Functional Ambulation Category: 4.4+/-0.6; range, 3 to 5) due to a single subcortical ischemic stroke using repeated 3.0-T functional MRI and an ankle-dorsiflexion paradigm.
resultsWalking endurance improved after training (2-minute timed walking distance: 121.5+/-39.0 versus pre: 105.1+/-38.1 m; P=0.0001). For active movement of the paretic foot versus rest, greater walking endurance correlated with increased brain activity in the bilateral primary sensorimotor cortices, the cingulate motor areas, and the caudate nuclei bilaterally and in the thalamus of the affected hemisphere.
conclusionsDespite the strong subcortical contributions to gait control, rehabilitation-associated walking improvements are associated with cortical activation changes. This is similar to findings in upper limb rehabilitation with some differences in the involved cortical areas. We observed bihemispheric activation increases with greater recovery both in cortical and subcortical regions with movement of the paretic foot. However, although the dorsal premotor cortex appears to play an important role in recovery of hand movements, evidence for the involvement of this region in lower extremity recovery was not found.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.