ArticleJournal of virology2009
Ocular infection of mice with influenza A (H7) viruses: a site of primary replication and spread to the respiratory tract.
Article in Journal of virology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pathological evidence of neurotropism and oculotropism in wild black-headed gulls naturally infected with H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Immunological and virological questions for H5N1 pandemic emergence.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Review
- Baloxavir improves disease outcomes in mice after intranasal or ocular infection with Influenza A virus H5N1-contaminated cow's milk.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Pathogenicity and anti-infection immunity of animal H3N2 and H6N6 subtype influenza virus cross-species infection with tree shrews.Virus research · 2023Article
- Detection of Airborne Influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 Virus Shedding following Ocular Inoculation of Ferrets.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Transmission of Respiratory Viral Diseases to Health Care Workers: COVID-19 as an Example.Annual review of public health · 2022Review
- In Vivo Models to Study the Pathogenesis of Extra-Respiratory Complications of Influenza A Virus Infection.Viruses · 2021Review
- Mammalian pathogenicity and transmissibility of low pathogenic avian influenza H7N1 and H7N3 viruses isolated from North America in 2018.Emerging microbes & infections · 2020Article
- Genetically and Antigenically Divergent Influenza A(H9N2) Viruses Exhibit Differential Replication and Transmission Phenotypes in Mammalian Models.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- The eyes have it: influenza virus infection beyond the respiratory tract.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2018Review
- Infection and Replication of Influenza Virus at the Ocular Surface.Journal of virology · 2018Article
- Risk of Human Infections With Highly Pathogenic H5N2 and Low Pathogenic H7N1 Avian Influenza Strains During Outbreaks in Ostriches in South Africa.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Role of H7 hemagglutinin in murine infectivity of influenza viruses following ocular inoculation.Virology · 2017Article
- Pathogenesis and Transmission Assessments of Two H7N8 Influenza A Viruses Recently Isolated from Turkey Farms in Indiana Using Mouse and Ferret Models.Journal of virology · 2016Article
- Mammalian Pathogenesis and Transmission of H7N9 Influenza Viruses from Three Waves, 2013-2015.Journal of virology · 2016Article
- Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) mucosal infection in Atlantic salmon.Veterinary research · 2015Article
- Oseltamivir inhibits influenza virus replication and transmission following ocular-only aerosol inoculation of ferrets.Virology · 2015Article
- Influenza virus infectivity and virulence following ocular-only aerosol inoculation of ferrets.Journal of virology · 2014Article
- Neurological events related to influenza A (H1N1) pdm09.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2014Review
- Live Attenuated Influenza H7N3 Vaccine is Safe, Immunogenic and Confers Protection in Animal Models.The open microbiology journal · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Avian H7 influenza viruses have been responsible for poultry outbreaks worldwide and have resulted in numerous cases of human infection in recent years. The high rate of conjunctivitis associated with avian H7 subtype virus infections may represent a portal of entry for avian influenza viruses and highlights the need to better understand the apparent ocular tropism observed in humans. To study this, mice were inoculated by the ocular route with viruses of multiple subtypes and degrees of virulence. We found that in contrast to human (H3N2 and H1N1) viruses, H7N7 viruses isolated from The Netherlands in 2003 and H7N3 viruses isolated from British Columbia, Canada, in 2004, two subtypes that were highly virulent for poultry, replicated to a significant titer in the mouse eye. Remarkably, an H7N7 virus, as well as some avian H5N1 viruses, spread systemically following ocular inoculation, including to the brain, resulting in morbidity and mortality of mice. This correlated with efficient replication of highly pathogenic H7 and H5 subtypes in murine corneal epithelial sheets (ex vivo) and primary human corneal epithelial cells (in vitro). Influenza viruses were labeled to identify the virus attachment site in the mouse cornea. Although we found abundant H7 virus attachment to corneal epithelial tissue, this did not account for the differences in virus replication as multiple subtypes were able to attach to these cells. These findings demonstrate that avian influenza viruses within H7 and H5 subtypes are capable of using the eye as a portal of entry.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.