ArticleSexually transmitted infections2009
A prospective study of risk factors for herpes simplex virus type 2 acquisition among high-risk HIV-1 seronegative women in Kenya.
Article in Sexually transmitted infections, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Risk of HSV-2 Acquisition Among Women with Bacterial Vaginosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Viruses · 2026Pooled it
- Incidence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection Among African Women Using Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, a Copper Intrauterine Device, or a Levonorgestrel Implant for Contraception: A Nested Randomized Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Trial
- Improvement of abnormal vaginal flora in Ugandan women by self-testing and short use of intravaginal antimicrobials.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2017Trial
- Daily acyclovir to decrease herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) transmission from HSV-2/HIV-1 coinfected persons: a randomized controlled trial.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2013Trial
- Bacterial vaginosis and health-associated bacteria modulate the immunometabolic landscape in 3D model of human cervix.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2021Article
- Mechanisms of Immune Control of Mucosal HSV Infection: A Guide to Rational Vaccine Design.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Association of Recent Bacterial Vaginosis With Acquisition of Mycoplasma genitalium.American journal of epidemiology · 2017Article
- Use of injectable hormonal contraception and HSV-2 acquisition in a cohort of female sex workers in Vancouver, Canada.Sexually transmitted infections · 2017Article
- Education, early screening and treatment of STIs could reduce infertility among women in Kenya.Facts, views & vision in ObGyn · 2017Article
- Current Concepts for Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection: Diagnostics and Pathogenesis of Genital Tract Shedding.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2016Review
- The HIV Care Continuum among Female Sex Workers: A Key Population in Lilongwe, Malawi.PloS one · 2016Article
- Use of injectable hormonal contraception and women's risk of herpes simplex virus type 2 acquisition: a prospective study of couples in Rakai, Uganda.The Lancet. Global health · 2015Article
- HIV prevention and care services for female sex workers: efficacy of a targeted community-based intervention in Burkina Faso.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2015Article
- Prevalence and incidence estimation of HSV-2 by two IgG ELISA methods among South African women at high risk of HIV.PloS one · 2015Article
- Incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infections in Africa: a systematic review.Open forum infectious diseases · 2014Review
- Incident herpes simplex virus type 2 infection increases the risk of subsequent episodes of bacterial vaginosis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2014Article
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- Factors associated with herpes simplex virus type 2 incidence in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seronegative Kenyan men and women reporting high-risk sexual behavior.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesSeveral studies have demonstrated an association between herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and HIV-1, but available data on risk factors for HSV-2 acquisition are limited. The objective of this analysis was to determine the incidence and risk factors for HSV-2 acquisition among HIV-1-seronegative female sex workers in Kenya.
methodsBetween February 1993 and December 2006, HIV-1-seronegative women attending a municipal sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic were invited to enroll in a prospective cohort study. Screening for HIV-1 and STIs were done at monthly follow-up visits. Archived blood samples were tested for HSV-2.
resultsOf 1527 HIV-1-seronegative women enrolled, 302 (20%) were HSV-2 seronegative at baseline of whom 297 had at least one follow-up visit. HSV-2 incidence was high (23 cases/100 person-years; 115 cases). In multivariate analysis, HSV-2 was significantly associated with more recent entry into sex work, workplace and higher number of sex partners per week. Condom use was protective, although this was statistically significant only for the intermediate strata (25-75% condom use; HR 0.43; p = 0.05). There were statistical trends for bacterial vaginosis to increase HSV-2 risk (HR 1.56; p = 0.07) and for oral contraceptive use to decrease risk (HR 0.50; p = 0.08). The 23% annual HSV-2 incidence in this study is among the highest reported anywhere in the world.
conclusionsWomen were at increased risk if they had recently entered sex work, had a higher number of sex partners or worked in bars. HSV-2 risk reduction interventions are urgently needed among high-risk African women.
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