ReviewHormones and behavior2009
Sex differences in the brain: the relation between structure and function.
Review in Hormones and behavior, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed.
- Thalamic projections from the cerebellar nuclei receiving proprioceptive signals from the jaw muscles in rats.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
- Loss of oxytocin receptor function disrupts neural signatures of pair bonding and fidelity in the nucleus accumbens.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Study of sex differences in the whole brain white matter using diffusion MRI tractography and suprathreshold fiber cluster statistics.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the neural circuitry of aggression.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Study of Sex Differences in the Whole Brain White Matter Using Diffusion MRI Tractography and Suprathreshold Fiber Cluster Statistics.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Projections from Regions of the Cerebellar Nuclei Receiving Jaw Muscle Proprioceptive Signals to Trigeminal Motoneurons and Their Premotoneurons in the Rat Pons and Medulla.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2025Article
- Activation patterns in male and female forebrain areas during habituation to food and context novelty.Brain structure & function · 2025Article
- Neuronal Properties in the Lateral Habenula and Adult-Newborn Interactions in Virgin Female and Male Mice.eNeuro · 2025Article
- No sex differences in the association between regional brain structure abnormalities and cognitive functioning in a geriatric memory clinic population.Aging brain · 2025Article
- IMPACT OF REAL-LIFE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ON REPRODUCTION: Rodent reproductive behavior among males and females after exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2024Review
- Sex Differences in Human Brain Structure at Birth.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Detection of sex-specific glutamate changes in subregions of hippocampus in an early-stage Alzheimer's disease mouse model using GluCEST MRI.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Heart-Brain Axis: A Narrative Review of the Interaction between Depression and Arrhythmia.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Estradiol-mediated modulation of memory and of the underlying dendritic spine plasticity through the life span.Histology and histopathology · 2024Review
- Depression in adolescence and young adulthood: the difficulty to integrate motivational/emotional systems.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Review
- Sex diversity in the 21st century: Concepts, frameworks, and approaches for the future of neuroendocrinology.Hormones and behavior · 2024Article
- A sex difference in mouse dopaminergic projections from the midbrain to basolateral amygdala.Biology of sex differences · 2022Article
- Gender differences in Anxious-depressive symptomatology, Metabolic Syndrome and Colorectal Adenomas among outpatients undergoing colonoscopy: a cross-sectional study according to a PNEI perspective.Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis · 2022Article
- Transwoman Elite Athletes: Their Extra Percentage Relative to Female Physiology.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Teaching About Sex and Gender in Neuroscience: More Than Meets the "XY".Journal of undergraduate neuroscience education : JUNE : a publication of FUN, Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience · 2022Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In the fifty years since the organizational hypothesis was proposed, many sex differences have been found in behavior as well as structure of the brain that depend on the organizational effects of gonadal hormones early in development. Remarkably, in most cases we do not understand how the two are related. This paper makes the case that overstating the magnitude or constancy of sex differences in behavior and too narrowly interpreting the functional consequences of structural differences are significant roadblocks in resolving this issue.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.