Trial reportJournal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association2009
Preterm infants fed fortified human milk receive less protein than they need.
Trial report in Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multi-nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Growth at 2 years in children born preterm: donor milk versus preterm formula.Pediatric research · 2026Trial
- Adjusted versus Targeted Fortification in Extremely Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants: Fortin Study-A Randomized Clinical Trial.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Dietary Protein Intake, Breast Feeding and Growth in Human Milk Fed Preterm Infants.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Growth and Nutritional Biomarkers of Preterm Infants Fed a New Powdered Human Milk Fortifier: A Randomized Trial.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2017Trial
- The ProVIDe study: the impact of protein intravenous nutrition on development in extremely low birthweight babies.BMC pediatrics · 2015Trial
- Enhanced feeding and diminished postnatal growth failure in very-low-birth-weight infants.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2014Trial
- Randomized trial of enteral protein and energy supplementation in infants less than or equal to 1250 g at birth.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2010Trial
- Article
- Exploring Current Practices, Challenges, and Innovations in the Nutrition and Feeding of Neonates, Including the Use of Human Milk, Fortifiers, and Formula: A Clinical Study.Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences · 2024Article
- Narrative review of methodological advances in human milk fortification: for better preterm infant growth.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
- Use of human milk and fortification in the NICU.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2023Review
- Influence of maternal and perinatal factors on macronutrient content of very preterm human milk during the first weeks after birth.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2023Article
- Individualized Target Fortification of Breast Milk: Optimizing Macronutrient Content Using Different Fortifiers and Approaches.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
- Expressed Breast Milk Analysis: Role of Individualized Protein Fortification to Avoid Protein Deficit After Preterm Birth and Improve Infant Outcomes.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Article
- Article
- Targeted Breast Milk Fortification for Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Infants: Nutritional Intake, Growth Outcome and Body Composition.Nutrients · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the actual nutrient intakes observed in a previously reported study with assumed nutrient intakes based on the customary assumptions about the composition of human milk. STUDY
designFortified human milk is assumed to provide adequate amounts of nutrients for premature infants. This assumption holds if milk has the composition of milk expressed by mothers of premature infants during weeks 2 to 3 of lactation. The assumption does not necessarily hold for milk expressed after 2 to 3 weeks lactation. It also does not hold for donor milk, which is typically provided by mothers of term infants. The size of the disparity between assumed and actual nutrient intakes is not known. Actual nutrient intakes were available for 32 preterm infants participating in the study. Assumed nutrient intakes were calculated for these infants by substituting assumed nutrient concentrations for observed nutrient concentrations. Data were compared separately for each of the 3 study weeks.
resultActual protein intakes were significantly and consistently lower than assumed protein intakes during each study week. The differences in mean intakes were large, ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 g kg(-1) per day. Differences in energy intake were small and not consistently significant.
conclusionActual intakes of protein by preterm infants fed fortified human milk are substantially lower than assumed intakes. The discrepancy may in part explain why preterm infants frequently show postnatal growth failure.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.