ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2009
Smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Parallel epidemics of the 21 century.
Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 168 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
168 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 356 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of the health-related outcomes for traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, heat-not-burn cigarettes and snus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- The Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the US: A Systematic Review of Nationally Representative Health Surveys.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2026Pooled it
- Lung function improvement following smoking cessation in chronic respiratory conditions: A meta-analytic approach.The Journal of international medical research · 2025Pooled it
- Oxygen therapy in the pre-hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Marijuana Use, Respiratory Symptoms, and Pulmonary Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Annals of internal medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Global and regional estimates of COPD prevalence: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2015Pooled it
- Cardiopulmonary effects of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2026Trial
- AhR as a Common Denominator in Immunity and Inflammation in Chronic Lung Diseases: Molecular and Clinical Insights.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Tobacco smoking behavior and health outcomes among patients with chronic diseases: a comparative study of tobacco-producing and non-producing areas in southern Thailand.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Relationship between the advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a population-based study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Long-term risk of depression in lung, colon, breast, and prostate cancer: a 25-year nationwide comparative study.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- IRF8 and FOXM1 Regulation in COPD Progression: Impacts on Inflammation and Senescence.Inflammation · 2026Article
- Comorbidity patterns and health-related quality of life in a cohort of Australian women cancer survivors.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- The association between urine cotinine level and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels: a cross-sectional study using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VIII (2019-2021).Korean journal of family medicine · 2026Article
- Soluble Major Histocompatibility Complex I-Related Chain A (sMICA)*008 Levels Associate with Smoking, Presence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Prevalence of Lung Cancer.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Causal knowledge graph analysis identifies adverse drug effects.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a nomogram prediction model for cardiovascular comorbidities in COPD patients based on hypertension.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Kazakhstan in a Nationwide Population-Based Epidemiological Study.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2026Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of asthma and COPD among adults in Iran based on the 2021 STEPS survey.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Lung Health Check pilot: Ireland's flagship lung cancer screening trial.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Article
108 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
One hundred million deaths were caused by tobacco in the 20(th) century, and it is estimated that there will be up to one billion deaths attributed to tobacco use in the 21(st) century. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is rapidly becoming a global public health crisis with smoking being recognized as its most important causative factor. The most effective available treatment for COPD is smoking cessation. There is mounting evidence that the rate of progression of COPD can be reduced when patients at risk of developing the disease stop smoking, while lifelong smokers have a 50% probability of developing COPD during their lifetime. More significantly, there is also evidence that the risk of developing COPD falls by about half with smoking cessation. Several pharmacological interventions now exist to aid smokers in cessation; these include nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline. All pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation are more efficacious than placebo, with odds ratios of about 2. Pharmacologic therapy should be combined with nonpharmacologic (behavioral) therapy. Unfortunately, despite the documented efficacy of these agents, the absolute number of patients who are abstinent from smoking at 12 months of follow-up is low.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.