ArticleCancer2009
Rural reversal? Rural-urban disparities in late-stage cancer risk in Illinois.
Article in Cancer, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Geographical Variations in Prostate Cancer Outcomes: A Systematic Review of International Evidence.Frontiers in oncology · 2019Pooled it
- Urban Neighborhood and Residential Factors Associated with Breast Cancer in African American Women: a Systematic Review.Hormones & cancer · 2018Pooled it
- Geographic Access to Mammography and Its Relationship to Breast Cancer Screening and Stage at Diagnosis: A Systematic Review.Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's HealthPooled it
- Blue nevus-like melanoma: A rare entity.Dermatology online journal · 2026Article
- Transportation-related factors, cancer screening, and stage at diagnosis: A scoping review.PloS one · 2026Article
- Temporal Trends in Vulvar Cancer Cases and Associated Factors of Adverse Clinical Features: A 6-year Retrospective Study From a Tertiary Hospital in Indonesia.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Breast cancer mortality in Romania: trends, regional and rural-urban inequalities, and policy implications.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Investigating the role of county-level colorectal cancer screening rates on stage at diagnosis of colorectal cancer in rural Georgia.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2024Article
- Same People, Different Results: Categorizing Cancer Registry Cases Across the Rural-Urban Continuum.WMJ : official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin · 2024Article
- Article
- Geographic differences in the magnitude of black-white disparities in having obesity.Obesity science & practice · 2023Article
- Understanding barriers to medical appointment keeping: A case-control study of predictive factors for no-shows and same-day cancellations in dermatology clinics in an academic medical center in the United States.JAAD international · 2023Article
- Defining rurality: an evaluation of rural definitions and the impact on survival estimates.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2023Article
- Disparities in cancer incidence by rurality in California.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2023Article
- Income and rural-urban status moderate the association between income inequality and life expectancy in US census tracts.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2023Article
- Article
- Use of a Novel Network-Based Linchpin Score to Characterize Accessibility to the Oncology Physician Workforce in the United States.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Rural-Urban Differences in Breast Cancer Surgical Delays in Medicare Beneficiaries.Annals of surgical oncology · 2022Article
- Disparities in timely treatment among young women with breast cancer.American journal of surgery · 2022Article
- Rural-Urban Differences in Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2022Article
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDifferences in late-stage cancer risk between urban and rural residents are a key component of cancer disparities. Using data from the Illinois State Cancer Registry from 1998 through 2002, the authors investigated the rural-urban gradient in late-stage cancer risk for 4 major types of cancer: breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate.
methodsMultilevel modeling was used to evaluate the role of population composition and area-based contextual factors in accounting for rural-urban variation. Instead of a simple binary rural-urban classification, a finer grained classification was used that differentiated the densely populated City of Chicago from its suburbs and from smaller metropolitan areas, large towns, and rural settings.
resultsFor all 4 cancers, the risk was highest in the most highly urbanized area and decreased as rurality increases, following a J-shaped progression that included a small upturn in risk in the most isolated rural areas. For some cancers, these geographic disparities were associated with differences in population age and race; for others, the disparities remained after controlling for differences in population composition, zip code socioeconomic characteristics, and spatial access to healthcare.
conclusionsThe observed pattern of urban disadvantage emphasized the need for more extensive urban-based cancer screening and education programs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.