ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2009
Recovery efficiency and limit of detection of aerosolized Bacillus anthracis Sterne from environmental surface samples.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of sponge wipe surface sampling for collection of potential surrogates for non-spore-forming bioterrorism agents.Journal of applied microbiology · 2024Article
- Peracetic acid-based disinfectant is the most appropriate solution for a biological decontamination procedure of responders and healthcare workers in the field environment.Journal of applied microbiology · 2021Article
- Evaluating the long-term persistence of Bacillus spores on common surfaces.Microbial biotechnology · 2018Article
- Considerations for estimating microbial environmental data concentrations collected from a field setting.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2017Review
- Article
- Investigation of inhalation anthrax case, United States.Emerging infectious diseases · 2014Article
- Comparative evaluation of vacuum-based surface sampling methods for collection of Bacillus spores.Journal of microbiological methods · 2013Article
- Impact of processing method on recovery of bacteria from wipes used in biological surface sampling.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2012Article
- Comparison of swab and sponge methodologies for identification of Acinetobacter baumannii from the hospital environment.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2012Article
- False-negative rate and recovery efficiency performance of a validated sponge wipe sampling method.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2012Article
- National validation study of a cellulose sponge wipe-processing method for use after sampling Bacillus anthracis spores from surfaces.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2011Article
- Transport of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki via fomites.Biosecurity and bioterrorism : biodefense strategy, practice, and science · 2011Article
- Evaluation of procedures for the collection, processing, and analysis of biomolecules from low-biomass surfaces.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2011Article
- Parameters affecting spore recovery from wipes used in biological surface sampling.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2011Article
- Recovery of bacillus spore contaminants from rough surfaces: a challenge to space mission cleanliness control.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2011Article
- Development of an aerosol surface inoculation method for bacillus spores.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2011Article
- Validation of a nylon-flocked-swab protocol for efficient recovery of bacterial spores from smooth and rough surfaces.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2010Article
- Use of a foam spatula for sampling surfaces after bioaerosol deposition.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2010Article
- Detection of the urban release of a bacillus anthracis simulant by air sampling.Biosecurity and bioterrorism : biodefense strategy, practice, and scienceArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
After the 2001 anthrax incidents, surface sampling techniques for biological agents were found to be inadequately validated, especially at low surface loadings. We aerosolized Bacillus anthracis Sterne spores within a chamber to achieve very low surface loading (ca. 3, 30, and 200 CFU per 100 cm(2)). Steel and carpet coupons seeded in the chamber were sampled with swab (103 cm(2)) or wipe or vacuum (929 cm(2)) surface sampling methods and analyzed at three laboratories. Agar settle plates (60 cm(2)) were the reference for determining recovery efficiency (RE). The minimum estimated surface concentrations to achieve a 95% response rate based on probit regression were 190, 15, and 44 CFU/100 cm(2) for sampling steel surfaces and 40, 9.2, and 28 CFU/100 cm(2) for sampling carpet surfaces with swab, wipe, and vacuum methods, respectively; however, these results should be cautiously interpreted because of high observed variability. Mean REs at the highest surface loading were 5.0%, 18%, and 3.7% on steel and 12%, 23%, and 4.7% on carpet for the swab, wipe, and vacuum methods, respectively. Precision (coefficient of variation) was poor at the lower surface concentrations but improved with increasing surface concentration. The best precision was obtained with wipe samples on carpet, achieving 38% at the highest surface concentration. The wipe sampling method detected B. anthracis at lower estimated surface concentrations and had higher RE and better precision than the other methods. These results may guide investigators to more meaningfully conduct environmental sampling, quantify contamination levels, and conduct risk assessment for humans.
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