ArticleNeurobiology of aging2011
Brain levels of sex steroid hormones in men and women during normal aging and in Alzheimer's disease.
Article in Neurobiology of aging, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 143 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
143 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sex differences inFrontiers in dementia · 2025Pooled it
- Estrogen receptor α gene polymorphisms and risk of Alzheimer's disease: evidence from a meta-analysis.Clinical interventions in aging · 2014Pooled it
- Associations between cognitive function and endogenous levels of estradiol and testosterone in adults with type 2 diabetes.Journal of diabetes and its complications · 2022Trial
- Gender differences in the association between physical frailty and cognitive function among older adults: A cross-sectional study in rural Guizhou, China.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Physical Exercise Enhances Melatonin Effect in D-Galactose/Aluminum Chloride-Induced Alzheimer's Disease of Ovariectomized Rats: Irisin Induction Associated with Upregulation of PPAR-γ/IGF-1/BDNF and Decreasing TNF-α/p38-MAPK/NLRP3/GFAP Pathway.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Gut Microbial Diversity and Community Structure Are Largely Similar Between Apparently Healthy Elderly Japanese Males and Females: A Shotgun Metagenomic Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- CSF estrogens' relationships to neuroinflammatory markers and brain networks in middle-aged and older black and white women.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- The role of neuroactive steroids in psychiatric and neurological disorders: Neurobiology and therapeutic perspectives.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- Membrane-associated estrogen receptor α prevents the amyloid β-induced suppression of GIRK channel activity in hippocampal neurons from female mice.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Genetic regulation of the metabolome differs by sex, Alzheimer's disease stage, and plasma biomarker status.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Brain Nuclei in the Regulation of Sexual Behavior, Peripheral Nerves Related to Reproduction, and Their Alterations in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Brief Review.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Risk of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease following androgen deprivation therapy in a real world nationwide cohort.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The role of microbiota and toll-like receptors in polycystic ovary syndrome: regulatory mechanisms of androgen metabolism.Endocrine connections · 2025Review
- Long-term systemic androgen deprivation partially modulates neuroinflammation in male AppScientific reports · 2025Article
- Genetic Regulation of the Metabolome Differs by Sex, Alzheimer's Disease Stage, and Plasma Biomarker Status.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Androgens Regulate Tau Phosphorylation Through Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Protein Kinase B-Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Signaling.Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Biological Sex Disparities in Alzheimer's Disease.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2025Review
- Longitudinal trajectories of cognitive decline and temporal lobe atrophy based on baseline gonadotropins and testosterone.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Observational
83 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We examined the relationships between normal aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and brain levels of sex steroid hormones in men and women. In postmortem brain tissue from neuropathologically normal, postmenopausal women, we found no age-related changes in brain levels of either androgens or estrogens. In comparing women with and without AD at different ages, brain levels of estrogens and androgens were lower in AD cases aged 80 years and older but not significantly different in the 60-79 year age range. In male brains, we observed that normal aging was associated with significant decreases in androgens but not estrogens. Further, in men aged 60-79 years, brain levels of testosterone but not estrogens were lower in cases with mild neuropathological changes as well as those with advanced AD neuropathology. In male cases over age 80, brain levels hormones did not significantly vary by neuropathological status. To begin investigating the relationships between hormone levels and indices of AD neuropathology, we measured brain levels of soluble β-amyloid (Aβ). In male cases with mild neuropathological changes, we found an inverse relationship between brain levels of testosterone and soluble Aβ. Collectively, these findings demonstrate sex-specific relationships between normal, age-related depletion of androgens and estrogens in men and women, which may be relevant to development of AD.
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