ReviewFrontiers in neuroendocrinology2009
Protective actions of sex steroid hormones in Alzheimer's disease.
Review in Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 246 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
246 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 509 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of two decades of neuroimaging research.The British journal of radiology · 2026Pooled it
- Is Hormone Replacement Therapy a Risk Factor or a Therapeutic Option for Alzheimer's Disease?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Quantifying observational evidence for risk of dementia following androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of Testosterone Therapy on Cognitive Function in Aging: A Systematic Review.Cognitive and behavioral neurology : official journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology · 2016Pooled it
- Low Testosterone Level and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease in the Elderly Men: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Molecular neurobiology · 2016Pooled it
- Postmenopausal hormone therapy is not associated with risk of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease.Epidemiologic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- Alzheimer's blood-based biomarkers, incident dementia, and interactions with age, APOE status, and hormone therapy.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Trial
- Cognitive response to testosterone replacement added to intensive lifestyle intervention in older men with obesity and hypogonadism: prespecified secondary analyses of a randomized clinical trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Trial
- Sleep quality and cortical amyloid-β deposition in postmenopausal women of the Kronos early estrogen prevention study.Neuroreport · 2021Trial
- Cardiorespiratory fitness, hippocampal subfield volumes, and mnemonic discrimination task performance in aging.Human brain mapping · 2021Trial
- Hippocampal sub-regional shape and physical activity in older adults.Hippocampus · 2016Trial
- Widespread neuronal hemokinin-1 expression in motor regions and its protective role in age-related impairment.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Effects of Changes in Metabolic Syndrome Status on Cognitive Function: A 10-Year Study in a Middle-Aged Population.The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Women's reproductive life patterns, intrinsic capacity, and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific dementia: a prospective cohort study.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF BRAIN TISSUE BASED MULTI-OMICS PROFILE SCORES FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE.Research square · 2026Article
- Salivary Testosterone Concentration and Cognitive Impairment among Japanese Older Adults in the Toon Health Study.Neuroepidemiology · 2026Article
- Menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of Alzheimer's disease in elderly women: a cohort study in Eastern China.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Steroid receptor coactivator-1: integrating steroid hormone signals to regulate brain function and disease.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Hard-working or hardly working dogs stay young longer? Lifetime sports engagement, joint activity with the owner and breed type are associated with the severity of canine cognitive decline.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Mapping the circulating proteome across neurodegeneration: A harmonized, consortium-scale framework for uncovering molecular pathophysiology.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
186 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with age-related loss of sex steroid hormones in both women and men. In post-menopausal women, the precipitous depletion of estrogens and progestogens is hypothesized to increase susceptibility to AD pathogenesis, a concept largely supported by epidemiological evidence but refuted by some clinical findings. Experimental evidence suggests that estrogens have numerous neuroprotective actions relevant to prevention of AD, in particular promotion of neuron viability and reduction of beta-amyloid accumulation, a critical factor in the initiation and progression of AD. Recent findings suggest neural responsiveness to estrogen can diminish with age, reducing neuroprotective actions of estrogen and, consequently, potentially limiting the utility of hormone therapies in aged women. In addition, estrogen neuroprotective actions are also modulated by progestogens. Specifically, continuous progestogen exposure is associated with inhibition of estrogen actions whereas cyclic delivery of progestogens may enhance neural benefits of estrogen. In recent years, emerging literature has begun to elucidate a parallel relationship of sex steroid hormones and AD risk in men. Normal age-related testosterone loss in men is associated with increased risk to several diseases including AD. Like estrogen, testosterone has been established as an endogenous neuroprotective factor that not only increases neuronal resilience against AD-related insults, but also reduces beta-amyloid accumulation. Androgen neuroprotective effects are mediated both directly by activation of androgen pathways and indirectly by aromatization to estradiol and initiation of protective estrogen signaling mechanisms. The successful use of hormone therapies in aging men and women to delay, prevent, and or treat AD will require additional research to optimize key parameters of hormone therapy and may benefit from the continuing development of selective estrogen and androgen receptor modulators.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.