ArticleImmunity2009
Omental milky spots develop in the absence of lymphoid tissue-inducer cells and support B and T cell responses to peritoneal antigens.
Article in Immunity, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 156 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
156 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 270 citations in OpenAlex.
- The efficacy of non-complete omentectomy in the radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review.Langenbeck's archives of surgery · 2025Pooled it
- Mechanisms of Peritoneal Fibrosis: Focus on Immune Cells-Peritoneal Stroma Interactions.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Intraperitoneal nivolumab for malignant ascites in patients with advanced gastrointestinal or pancreaticobiliary tract cancer.International journal of clinical oncology · 2026Trial
- Extra-Abdominal Applications of the Greater Omentum in Canine and Feline Surgery: Current Knowledge, Surgical Techniques, and Clinical Perspectives.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Peritoneal ovarian cancer growth in the omentum proceeds independently of mature adipocytes.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The Involvement of the Omentum in Defensive Peritoneal Mechanisms: New Evidence from Dogs Naturally Infected withAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Dysfunctional adipose tissue-lymphatic crosstalk in obesity.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Response of dendritic cells and T cells to virus-like particles formed from norovirus viral protein-1 (VP1N) or chimeric molecules containing a fragment of VP1N and polypeptides of echovirus 30.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2026Article
- The CXCL13 hub in obesity-related metabolic inflammation: regulation of spatiotemporal heterogeneity and targeted strategies.The Journal of endocrinology · 2026Review
- Differential peritoneal resident macrophage depletion and omental milky spot disruption after high versus low clodronate-loaded liposome dose treatment.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Immunogenicity of Seasonal Influenza Split HA Vaccines Involved With Changes of Vaccine Strains Using Mouse and Human Sera.Microbiology and immunology · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles from ovarian cancer cells induce senescent lipid-laden macrophages to facilitate omental metastasis.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- Immunosuppressive JAG2Cancer communications (London, England) · 2025Article
- TLR Agonist Nano Immune Therapy Clears Peritoneal and Systemic Ovarian Cancer.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Intraperitoneal administration of mRNA encoding interleukin-12 for immunotherapy in peritoneal carcinomatosis.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- Immune Regulatory Crosstalk in Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis.Comprehensive Physiology · 2025Review
- Brucella abortus impairs T lymphocyte responsiveness by mobilizing IL-1RA-secreting omental neutrophils.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Characteristics and clinical significance of immune cells in omental milky spots of patients with gastric cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Identification of sex- and inflammation-associated heterogeneity in the mouse omentum.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Mouse Models Enable the Functional Investigation of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Cancer.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
96 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The omentum is a site of B1 cell lymphopoiesis and immune responsiveness to T cell-independent antigens. However, it is unknown whether it supports immune responses independently of conventional lymphoid organs. We showed that the omentum collected antigens and cells from the peritoneal cavity and supported T cell-dependent B cell responses, including isotype switching, somatic hypermutation, and limited affinity maturation, despite the lack of identifiable follicular dendritic cells. The omentum also supported CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to peritoneal antigens and recruited effector T cells primed in other locations. Unlike conventional lymphoid organs, milky spots in the omentum developed in the absence of lymphoid tissue-inducer cells, but required the chemokine CXCL13. Although the lymphoid architecture of milky spots was disrupted in lymphotoxin-deficient mice, normal architecture was restored by reconstitution with lymphotoxin-sufficient hematopoietic cells. These results indicate that the milky spots of the omentum function as unique secondary lymphoid organs that promote immunity to peritoneal antigens.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.