ReviewImmunological reviews2009
Molecular mechanisms of T-cell receptor and costimulatory molecule ligation/blockade in autoimmune disease therapy.
Review in Immunological reviews, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 137 citations in OpenAlex.
- Insight of immune checkpoint blockades in melanoma: mechanism and clinical translation.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- STING/type I interferon pathway is required for antigen-containing PLGA nanoparticle- and apoptotic cell-induced CD4+ T cell tolerance.Science advances · 2026Article
- Revealing the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis and research progress in drug discovery from hepatic immune cells and intercellular communication signaling mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- VSIG2 as a novel immunosuppressive ligand interacts with Nectin-2 to regulate T cell responses.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Molecular and therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on autoimmune diseases.World journal of stem cells · 2025Review
- Causal relationship between immune cells and osteoporosis based on genetic prediction: a bidirectional two-sample mediated Mendelian randomization analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Neutrophils in Type 1 Diabetes: Untangling the Intricate Web of Pathways and Hypothesis.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Individualized diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis: A rank-based qualitative T cell-related signature.PloS one · 2025Article
- Biomaterials for Modulating the Immune Microenvironment in Rheumatoid Arthritis.BME frontiers · 2025Review
- Reverse Vaccinology Integrated with Biophysics Techniques for Designing a Peptide-Based Subunit Vaccine for Bourbon Virus.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- In silico designing of novel epitope-based peptide vaccines against HIV-1.Biotechnology letters · 2024Article
- The Hidden Enemy Within: Uncovering the Secrets of HIV Tissues Reservoirs and Current mRNA Vaccine DevelopmentCurrent HIV research · 2024Review
- Teplizumab in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Review.TouchREVIEWS in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Current status of skin cancers with a focus on immunology and immunotherapy.Cancer cell international · 2023Review
- Topical Diacerein Decreases Skin and Splenic CD11cInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Role of T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Focus on Immunometabolism Dysfunctions.Inflammation · 2023Review
- The susceptibility of single nucleotide polymorphisms located within co-stimulatory pathways to systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The immune factors have complex causal regulation effects on bone mineral density.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Identification of Costimulatory Molecule-Related lncRNAs Associated With Gastric Carcinoma Progression: Evidence From Bioinformatics Analysis and Cell Experiments.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- ADAM12 is a costimulatory molecule that determines Th1 cell fate and mediates tissue inflammation.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2021Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
summaryPro-inflammatory CD4(+) T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes, are hypothesized to be initiated and maintained by activated antigen-presenting cells presenting self antigen to self-reactive interferon-gamma and interleukin-17-producing CD4(+) T-helper (Th) type 1/Th17 cells. To date, the majority of Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies for autoimmune disease primarily focus on the global inhibition of immune inflammatory activity. The goal of ongoing research in this field is to develop both therapies that inhibit/eliminate activated autoreactive cells as well as antigen-specific treatments, which allow for the directed blockade of the deleterious effects of self-reactive immune cell function. According to the two-signal hypothesis, activation of a naive antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell requires both stimulation of the T-cell receptor (TCR) (signal 1) and stimulation of costimulatory molecules (signal 2). There also exists a balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune cell activity, which is regulated by the type and strength of the activating signal as well as the local cytokine milieu in which the naive CD4(+) T cell is activated. To this end, the majority of ongoing research is focused on the delivery of suboptimal TCR stimulation in the absence of costimulatory molecule stimulation, or potential blockade of stimulatory accessory molecules. Therefore, the signaling pathways involved in the induction of CD4(+) T-cell anergy, as apposed to activation, are topics of intense interest.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.