ReviewImmunological reviews2009
Regulating the regulators: costimulatory signals control the homeostasis and function of regulatory T cells.
Review in Immunological reviews, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 122 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 224 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune related adverse events associated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2015Pooled it
- Targeting of memory T cells with alefacept in new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1DAL study): 12 month results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2013Trial
- Review
- CAR-Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Diseases: From the Laboratory to Clinical Practice.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- From mechanosensing to immune regulation: mechanisms of acupuncture signal initiation and amplification mediated by macrophages.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Single-cell RNA profiling of blood CD4Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Regulatory T cells in homeostasis and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Transitioning from native to synthetic receptors: broadening T-cell engineering and beyond.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Review
- Platelets as a potential new immune coordinator in T cell-mediated aplastic anemia.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- Article
- Article
- Regulatory T cells in lung disease and transplantation.Bioscience reports · 2023Review
- Tregs integrate native and CAR-mediated costimulatory signals for control of allograft rejection.JCI insight · 2023Article
- Cellular and molecular waypoints along the path of T cell exhaustion.Science immunology · 2023Review
- Development of Beta-Amyloid-Specific CAR-Tregs for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.Cells · 2023Article
- Atherosclerosis: The Involvement of Immunity, Cytokines and Cells in Pathogenesis, and Potential Novel Therapeutics.Aging and disease · 2023Review
- Immune-checkpoint expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of cytomegaloviruses infection after transplantation: as a diagnostic biomarker.Archives of microbiology · 2023Review
- Selective ablation of thymic and peripheral Foxp3Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Clinical potential of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC): a rapidly evolving strategy.Cancer cell international · 2022Review
- Regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis: functions, development, regulation, and therapeutic potential.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2022Review
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
summaryCostimulation is a concept that goes back to the early 1980s when Lafferty and others hypothesized that cell surface and soluble molecules must exist that are essential for initiating immune responses subsequent to antigen exposure. The explosion in this field of research ensued as over a dozen molecules have been identified to function as second signals following T-cell receptor engagement. By 1994, it seemed clear that the most prominent costimulatory pathway CD28 and functionally related costimulatory molecules, such as CD154, were the major drivers of a positive immune response. Then the immunology world turned upside down. CD28 knockout mice, which were, in most cases, immunodeficient, led to increased autoimmunity when bred into the non-obese diabetic background. Another CD28 family member, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, which was presumed to be a costimulatory molecule on activated T cells, turned out to be critical in downregulating immunity. These results, coupled with the vast suppressor cell literature which had been largely rebuked, suggested that the immune system was not poised for response but controlled in such a way that regulation was dominant. Over the last decade, we have learned that these costimulatory molecules play a key role in the now classical CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) that provide critical control of unwanted autoimmune responses. In this review, we discuss the connections between costimulation and Tregs that have changed the costimulation paradigm.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.