ReviewImmunological reviews2009
CD28 and CTLA-4 coreceptor expression and signal transduction.
Review in Immunological reviews, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 460 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
460 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 861 citations in OpenAlex.
- Durvalumab with or without tremelimumab for patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- In or out of control: Modulating regulatory T cell homeostasis and function with immune checkpoint pathways.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy for glioblastoma: current progress, challenges and future outlook.Expert review of clinical pharmacology · 2020Pooled it
- Effect of siRNA-mediated knockdown of the PD-L1 (CD274) gene on DUSP gene family expression and potential clinical implications in gastric cancer.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2026Article
- Triple-Mutated HSV-1 Expressing Soluble B7-1 Plus CTLA-4 Blockade Suppresses Lymph Node Metastasis in Tongue Cancer.Cancer science · 2026Article
- The emerging roles of alternative splicing in modulating tumor immune responses and immunotherapies.Cell death and differentiation · 2026Review
- How crosstalk at the immune synapse shapes T cell and dendritic cell biology.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Landscape of T-cell bispecific antibodies in cancer therapy: therapeutic strategies, challenges and future prospection.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Immunogenic cell death as a cornerstone for combination therapies with immune checkpoint blockade.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Cre-dependent gene expression enables thymic development of autoreactive tumor-associated antigen targeting CAR-T cells.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Review
- Serum programmed death ligand 2 is elevated in cats with mammary carcinoma.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Portrayed the development of activated T cell to exhausted T cell based on the ratio of CD28 to CTLA4.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Immune-Centered Cross-Talk Between Cancer Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment-Implications for Therapy.Cancers · 2026Review
- Chimeric CD3ζ chains containing CD28 signalling motifs enhance antigen-specific IL-2 production and expansion of human TCR-engineered T cellsImmunotherapy advances · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors in medulloblastoma: current updates in preclinical and clinical developments.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Galectin-9-driven immunosuppressive macrophage population shapes the lymph node metastatic microenvironment.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- Lymphoproliferation in Inborn Errors of Immunity: Mechanisms, Manifestations and Clinical Management, with a Focus on ALPID.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- Cryoablation Plus Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Enhanced Dendritic Cell and T Cell Activation in TNBC Murine Model.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Article
400 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
summaryT-cell activation is mediated by antigen-specific signals from the TCRzeta/CD3 and CD4-CD8-p56lck complexes in combination with additional co-signals provided by coreceptors such as CD28, inducible costimulator (ICOS), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed death (PD-1), and others. CD28 and ICOS provide positive signals that promote and sustain T-cell responses, while CTLA-4 and PD-1 limit responses. The balance between stimulatory and inhibitory co-signals determines the ultimate nature of T-cell responses where response to foreign pathogen is achieved without excess inflammation and autoimmunity. In this review, we outline the current knowledge of the CD28 and CTLA-4 signaling mechanisms [involving phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), Filamin A, protein kinase C theta (PKCtheta), and phosphatases] that control T-cell immunity. We also present recent findings on T-cell receptor-interacting molecule (TRIM) regulation of CTLA-4 surface expression, and a signaling pathway involving CTLA-4 activation of PI3K and protein kinase B (PKB)/AKT by which cell survival is ensured under conditions of anergy induction.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.