ArticleMovement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society2009
Reproductive factors, exogenous estrogen use, and risk of Parkinson's disease.
Article in Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differential effects of hormone therapy formulations on Parkinson's disease risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Pooled it
- Caffeine intake, smoking, and risk of Parkinson disease in men and women.American journal of epidemiology · 2012Pooled it
- Risk of Cognitive Decline in Women with Parkinson's Disease Is Reduced by Early Age at Menarche.Neurology international · 2025Article
- Sex and gender differences in the molecular etiology of Parkinson's disease: considerations for study design and data analysis.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Lipid Metabolic Disorders in Neurodegenerative Diseases - Role of Androgen Receptor.The Eurasian journal of medicine · 2023Review
- X-Chromosome Association Study in Latin American Cohorts Identifies New Loci in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2023Article
- Association of women-specific health factors in the severity of Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2023Article
- Reproductive characteristics, use of exogenous hormones and Parkinson disease in women from the E3N study.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2023Article
- Sex and Brain: The Role of Sex Chromosomes and Hormones in Brain Development and Parkinson's Disease.Cells · 2023Review
- Association of Premenopausal Bilateral Oophorectomy With Parkinsonism and Parkinson Disease.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Age Cutoff for Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease: Recommendations from the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Early Onset Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2022Review
- State-of-the-art review of the clinical research on menopause and hormone replacement therapy association with Parkinson's disease: What meta-analysis studies cannot tell us.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Review
- Sex Differences in Neurodegeneration: The Role of the Immune System in Humans.Biological psychiatry · 2022Review
- Increased Menopausal Age Reduces the Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Approach.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2021Article
- Female reproductive factors and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a nationwide cohort study.European journal of epidemiology · 2020Article
- Sex differences in movement disorders.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2020Review
- Gender Differences in Neurodegeneration, Neuroinflammation and NaFrontiers in aging neuroscience · 2020Article
- Lifetime exposure to estrogen and progressive supranuclear palsy: Environmental and Genetic PSP study.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2018Article
- Should Exercise Be Prescribed Differently Between Women and Men? An Emphasis on Women Diagnosed With Parkinson's Disease.Frontiers in physiology · 2018Article
- Cognitive characteristics in Chinese non-demented PD patients based on gender difference.Translational neurodegeneration · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
To determine if reproductive factors or exogenous estrogen are associated with risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), we conducted a prospective study with 22 years of follow-up among postmenopausal participants in the Nurses' Health Study. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of PD were estimated from a Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for potential confounders. Risk of PD was not significantly associated with any of the reproductive factors measured or exogenous estrogen use. Use of postmenopausal hormones, however, may modify the associations of smoking and caffeine intake with PD risk. The inverse relation between smoking and PD risk was attenuated among ever users of postmenopausal hormones (P for interaction = 0.05). Similar results were obtained for caffeine (P for interaction = 0.09). In exploratory analyses, women using progestin-only hormones were found to have an increased PD risk, but this result was based on a very small number of cases (n = 4). In this large longitudinal study, we found no evidence of a beneficial effect of exogenous or endogenous estrogens on risk of PD. The use of postmenopausal hormone use may interact with other risk factors, but findings are preliminary and need confirmation in other populations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.