ArticleAIDS (London, England)2009
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome among HIV-infected South African infants initiating antiretroviral therapy.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- What leads to treatment failure among people living with HIV: first systematic review from the middle east and North Africa.Virology journal · 2025Pooled it
- Mortality among pediatric patients on HIV treatment in sub-Saharan African countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2019Pooled it
- A systemic review of tuberculosis with HIV coinfection in children.Pediatric radiology · 2017Pooled it
- Isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in HIV-infected children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Tuberculosis Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in children initiating Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV infection: A systematic literature review.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2014Pooled it
- Executive summary: 2013 update of the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2013Guideline
- Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children: recommendations from the National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the American Academy of Pediatrics.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2013Guideline
- Effect of the Timing of Antiretroviral Treatment Initiation on Outcomes in Children Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Admitted With Severe Acute Malnutrition.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2021Trial
- Pharmacokinetics and safety of a raltegravir-containing regimen in HIV-infected children aged 2-12 years on rifampicin for tuberculosis.AIDS (London, England) · 2019Trial
- Safety and Immunogenicity of Newborn MVA85A Vaccination and Selective, Delayed Bacille Calmette-Guerin for Infants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Mothers: A Phase 2 Randomized, Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Trial
- BCG vaccination induces HIV target cell activation in HIV-exposed infants in a randomized trial.JCI insight · 2017Trial
- Early antiretroviral treatment reduces risk of bacille Calmette-Guérin immune reconstitution adenitis.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2011Trial
- Pharmacology and immuno-virologic efficacy of once-a-day HAART in African HIV-infected children: ANRS 12103 phase II trial.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2011Trial
- Long-term outcomes for HIV-infected infants less than 6 months of age at initiation of lopinavir/ritonavir combination antiretroviral therapy.AIDS (London, England) · 2011Trial
- Trial
- Initial response to protease-inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy among children less than 2 years of age in South Africa: effect of cotreatment for tuberculosis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2010Trial
- Dynamics of virological suppression and systemic immune-inflammatory response following antiretroviral therapy in pediatric HIV infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Severe BCG immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome lymphadenitis successfully managed with pre-antiretroviral counseling and a non-surgical approach: a case report.AIDS research and therapy · 2024Article
- Host transcriptomic signatures of tuberculosis can predict immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients.European journal of immunology · 2022Article
- BCG Vaccination and Mother-to-Infant Transmission of HIV.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo determine the incidence, clinical manifestations and risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in young children initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
designA prospective cohort of antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected children less than 24 months of age enrolled in a treatment strategies trial in Johannesburg, South Africa.
methodsAmong 169 HIV-infected children initiating HAART, April 2005 to November 2006, the records of 83 children suspected to have IRIS within 6 months of starting treatment were reviewed to determine whether they met criteria for IRIS. Seven were excluded due to incomplete follow-up. Pretreatment and post-treatment characteristics of children with and without IRIS were compared.
resultsOverall, 34/162 (21%) children developed IRIS at a median of 16 days (range 7-115 days) post-HAART initiation. Bacille Calmette-Guérin reaction was most common occurring in 24/34 (71%) children, primarily injection site lesions and/or ipsilateral axillary lymphadenitis with abscess. Other IRIS conditions (not mutually exclusive) included Mycobacterium tuberculosis (n = 12), cytomegalovirus pneumonia (n = 1), Streptococcus pneumonia sepsis (n = 1), and severe seborrheic dermatitis (n = 1). Children with IRIS were younger (median age 7 vs. 10 months, P = 0.007) with a lower CD4 cell percentage (median 13.9 vs. 19.2, P = 0.009) at HAART initiation than controls. After 24 weeks on HAART, 62% of IRIS cases vs. 28% of controls had HIV RNA more than 400 copies/ml (P = 0.001), odds ratio = 2.88 (95% confidence interval = 1.14-7.29) after adjusting for baseline factors.
conclusionInfants and young children with advanced HIV disease initiating HAART are at high risk for developing IRIS, leading to additional morbidity and possibly impairing virologic response to antiretroviral treatment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.