ArticleThe Journal of biological chemistry2009
A unique cytoplasmic localization of retinoic acid receptor-gamma and its regulations.
Article in The Journal of biological chemistry, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Retinoic Acid Receptor γ Is a Ligand-Activated Gatekeeper to Stem Cell Developmental Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The role of RARG in solid tumor progression and therapeutic potential.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- The Influences of RARγ on the Behavior of Normal and Cancer Stem Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Molecular Interactions of Selective Agonists and Antagonists with the Retinoic Acid Receptor γ.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- High expression of RARG accelerates ovarian cancer progression by regulating cell proliferation.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Dynamics of vitamin A uptake, storage, and utilization in vocal fold mucosa.Molecular metabolism · 2020Article
- Nuclear P38: Roles in Physiological and Pathological Processes and Regulation of Nuclear Translocation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Article
- Combinatorial knockout of RARα, RARβ, and RARγ completely abrogates transcriptional responses to retinoic acid in murine embryonic stem cells.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2018Article
- Overview of the structure-based non-genomic effects of the nuclear receptor RXRα.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2018Review
- The cytoplasmic nuclear receptor RARγ controls RIP1 initiated cell death when cIAP activity is inhibited.Nature communications · 2017Article
- Oncogenic retinoic acid receptor γ knockdown reverses multi-drug resistance of human colorectal cancer via Wnt/β-catenin pathway.Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) · 2017Article
- RARγ-induced E-cadherin downregulation promotes hepatocellular carcinoma invasion and metastasis.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2016Article
- Vitamin A and retinoid signaling: genomic and nongenomic effects.Journal of lipid research · 2013Review
- Reversal by RARα agonist Am580 of c-Myc-induced imbalance in RARα/RARγ expression during MMTV-Myc tumorigenesis.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2012Article
- Hepatic metabolism of retinoids and disease associations.Biochimica et biophysica acta · 2012Review
- Acyclic retinoid in chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma: Targeting phosphorylated retinoid X receptor-α for prevention of liver carcinogenesis.Journal of carcinogenesis · 2012Article
- Retinoic acid induces expression of the thyroid hormone transporter, monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8).The Journal of biological chemistry · 2010Article
- NSAID sulindac and its analog bind RXRalpha and inhibit RXRalpha-dependent AKT signaling.Cancer cell · 2010Article
- Ethanol impairs activation of retinoic acid receptors in cerebellar granule cells in a rodent model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that extranuclear action of retinoid receptors is involved in mediating the pleiotropic effects of retinoids. However, whether they reside in the cytoplasm remains elusive. Here, we showed that retinoic acid receptor-gamma (RARgamma) was cytoplasmic in confluent cells, or when cells were released from serum depletion or treated with growth factors. In studying the regulation of RARgamma subcellular localization, we observed that ectopically overexpressed RARgamma was mainly cytoplasmic irrespective of serum concentration and cell density. The cytoplasmic retention of RARgamma was inhibited by ligand retinoic acid (RA). In addition, coexpression of retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRalpha) resulted in nuclear localization of RARgamma through their heterodimerization. Mutagenesis studies revealed that a C-terminal fragment of RXRalpha potently prevents RA-induced RARgamma nuclear localization and transcriptional function. Furthermore, our results showed that the cytoplasmic retention of RARgamma was due to the presence of its unique N-terminal A/B domain, which was subject to regulation by p38 MAPK-mediated phosphorylation. Deletion or mutation of the N-terminal A/B domain largely impaired its cytoplasmic localization. Together, our data demonstrate that the subcellular localization of RARgamma is regulated by complex interactions among ligand binding, receptor phosphorylation, and receptor dimerizations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.