ArticleEcoHealth2009
Combined effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on susceptibility of the tiger salamander to Ambystoma tigrinum virus.
Article in EcoHealth, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- A qualitative meta-analysis reveals consistent effects of atrazine on freshwater fish and amphibians.Environmental health perspectives · 2010Pooled it
- Abundance of atrazine degrading genes trzN versus atzA in soil cultures and in situ degradation rates.Pest management science · 2026Article
- Assessing potential collateral effects on amphibians from insecticide applications for flea control and plague mitigation.PloS one · 2025Article
- Trace Amounts of Ranavirus Detected in Common Musk Turtles (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Influence of Herbicide Exposure and Ranavirus Infection on Growth and Survival of Juvenile Red-Eared Slider Turtles (Viruses · 2021Article
- The influence of landscape and environmental factors on ranavirus epidemiology in a California amphibian assemblage.Freshwater biology · 2018Article
- Influence of exposure to pesticide mixtures on the metabolomic profile in post-metamorphic green frogs (Lithobates clamitans).The Science of the total environment · 2018Article
- Long term effects of carbaryl exposure on antiviral immune responses in Xenopus laevis.Chemosphere · 2017Article
- In situ effects of pesticides on amphibians in the Sierra Nevada.Ecotoxicology (London, England) · 2015Article
- Pesticides and Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 Infection in the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas.PloS one · 2015Article
- Article
- A dilution effect in the emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2011Article
- Phylogeny, life history, and ecology contribute to differences in amphibian susceptibility to ranaviruses.EcoHealth · 2011Article
- Article
- Combined effects of virus, pesticide, and predator cue on the larval tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum).EcoHealth · 2011Article
- Would banning atrazine benefit farmers?International journal of occupational and environmental healthArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Several hypotheses have been examined as potential causes of global amphibian declines, including emerging infectious diseases and environmental contaminants. Although these factors are typically studied separately, animals are generally exposed to both stressors simultaneously. We examined the effects of the herbicide atrazine and the insecticide chlorpyrifos on the susceptibility of tiger salamander larvae, Ambystoma tigrinum, to a viral pathogen, Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV). Environmentally relevant concentrations of atrazine (0, 20, 200 microg/L) and chlorpyrifos (0, 2, 20, 200 microg/L) were used along with ATV in a fully factorial experimental design whereby individually housed, 4-week-old larvae were exposed for 2 weeks. Atrazine alone was not lethal to larvae, and chlorpyrifos alone was lethal only at the highest concentration. When combined with ATV, chlorpyrifos increased susceptibility to viral infection and resulted in increased larval mortality. A significant interactive effect between atrazine and ATV was detected. Atrazine treatments slightly decreased survival in virus-exposed treatments, yet slightly increased survival in the virus-free treatments. These findings corroborate earlier research on the impacts of atrazine, in particular, on disease susceptibility, but exhibit greater effects (i.e., reduced survival) when younger larvae were examined. This study is the first of its kind to demonstrate decreases in amphibian survival with the combination of pesticide and a viral disease. Further examination of these multiple stressors can provide key insights into potential significance of environmental cofactors, such as pesticides, in disease dynamics.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.