ArticleCell2009
HIV enters cells via endocytosis and dynamin-dependent fusion with endosomes.
Article in Cell, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 406 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
406 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Functional SLC29A3/ENT3 drives autophagic clearance of intracellular viral particles.Virus research · 2026Article
- Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins in cancer and virus biology: a membrane perspective.mBio · 2026Review
- HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein modulates CXCR4 clustering and dynamics on the T cell membrane.eLife · 2026Article
- 3D Single-Virus Tracking: Advances in Methodology and Labeling Strategies Towards Probing the Virus-Epithelium Interaction.Viruses · 2026Review
- High-speed 3D single-virus tracking reveals actin-aided viral trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 on the plasma membrane.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Viral Capsid-Membrane Interactions Propel Non-Brownian Movements of Non-enveloped Reoviruses during Entry.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles and viruses share a nuclear entry pathway in cancer and infection.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Reframing clathrin-mediated viral entry: evidence standards, context dependence and host-directed vulnerabilities.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Modulation of transferrin receptor by HIV-2.Virology journal · 2025Article
- The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein: structure, function and interactions with neutralizing antibodies.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- Article
- Rational design of lipid nanoparticles for enabling gene therapies.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2025Review
- The Era of Gene Therapy: The Advancement of Lentiviral Vectors and Their Pseudotyping.Viruses · 2025Review
- Extracellular membrane particles en route to the nucleus - exploring the VOR complex.Biochemical Society transactions · 2025Review
- Macropinosomes are a site of HIV-1 entry into primary CD4Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Impairment of endocytosis-related factors FNBP1L, ARHGAP24, and ATP6V1B1 increases HIV-1 entry into dendritic cells.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Cathepsins in cellular entry of human pathogenic viruses.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Viral entry mechanisms: the role of molecular simulation in unlocking a key step in viral infections.FEBS open bio · 2025Review
346 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Enveloped viruses that rely on a low pH-dependent step for entry initiate infection by fusing with acidic endosomes, whereas the entry sites for pH-independent viruses, such as HIV-1, have not been defined. These viruses have long been assumed to fuse directly with the plasma membrane. Here we used population-based measurements of the viral content delivery into the cytosol and time-resolved imaging of single viruses to demonstrate that complete HIV-1 fusion occurred in endosomes. In contrast, viral fusion with the plasma membrane did not progress beyond the lipid mixing step. HIV-1 underwent receptor-mediated internalization long before endosomal fusion, thus minimizing the surface exposure of conserved viral epitopes during fusion and reducing the efficacy of inhibitors targeting these epitopes. We also show that, strikingly, endosomal fusion is sensitive to a dynamin inhibitor, dynasore. These findings imply that HIV-1 infects cells via endocytosis and envelope glycoprotein- and dynamin-dependent fusion with intracellular compartments.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.