ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2009
The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans.
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 753 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
753 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Development of a high-performing, cost-effective and inclusive Afrocentric predictive model for stroke: a meta-analysis approach.BMC neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic analysis of population studies performed with the ForenSeq™ DNA Signature Prep kit.Journal of forensic sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of stable warfarin dose in patients of African ancestry.Blood advances · 2024Pooled it
- Polygenic Risk Score and Statin Relative Risk Reduction for Primary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction in a Real-World Population.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2022 · on this mapPooled it
- Pooled it
- Population-Stratified Human Genetic Studies Are Not Eugenics: A Response to Donohue and Myles.Bioethics · 2026Article
- DNA Barcoding of Head Lice from a ~1500-Year-Old Salt-Preserved Mummy from the Chehrabad Salt Mine, Iran.Insects · 2026Article
- Genomic Features Do Not Account for Differences in Multiple Myeloma Risk by Ancestry.Blood cancer discovery · 2026Article
- Genomic Landscape of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis Globally and the Gaps in Africa.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Precision oncology without borders: the role of biobanking in integrating Africa's genetic diversity into global genomic research.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Review
- A transparent and generalizable deep-learning framework for genomic ancestry prediction.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Evolution of CTCF binding sites in the human genome.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Racialized Heteroscedasticity in Neuroimaging Features, Behavior Measures, and Neuroimaging-Based Predictive Models.Research square · 2026Article
- VRC01-CLASS PRECURSOR FREQUENCY IN AN AFRICAN POPULATION IS INFLUENCED BY IGHV1-2 ALLELIC COMPOSITION AND NOT MALARIA EXPOSURE.Research square · 2026Article
- Associations of genetic variants in TCF7L2, MC4R, AGT and ACE genes with cardiometabolic diseases in Black South Africans.BMC medical genomics · 2026Article
- Revisiting the African mtDNA landscape through complete mitochondrial genomes.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Allele frequency patterns of 78,122,254 SNPs illuminate diverse possible evolutionary trajectories of human populations.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Large-scale genetic characterization of Parkinson's disease in the African and African admixed populations.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Multi-trait polygenic risk scores improve genomic prediction of atrial fibrillation across diverse ancestries.Nature communications · 2026Article
693 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
25 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Africa is the source of all modern humans, but characterization of genetic variation and of relationships among populations across the continent has been enigmatic. We studied 121 African populations, four African American populations, and 60 non-African populations for patterns of variation at 1327 nuclear microsatellite and insertion/deletion markers. We identified 14 ancestral population clusters in Africa that correlate with self-described ethnicity and shared cultural and/or linguistic properties. We observed high levels of mixed ancestry in most populations, reflecting historical migration events across the continent. Our data also provide evidence for shared ancestry among geographically diverse hunter-gatherer populations (Khoesan speakers and Pygmies). The ancestry of African Americans is predominantly from Niger-Kordofanian (approximately 71%), European (approximately 13%), and other African (approximately 8%) populations, although admixture levels varied considerably among individuals. This study helps tease apart the complex evolutionary history of Africans and African Americans, aiding both anthropological and genetic epidemiologic studies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.