Trial reportThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2009
Appetite responds to changes in meal content, whereas ghrelin, leptin, and insulin track changes in energy availability.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- One Year of Exercise After Weight Loss Increases Postprandial GLP-1 Secretion in Contrast to Usual Activity or GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Treatment.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Effect of reducing portion size at a compulsory meal on later energy intake, gut hormones, and appetite in overweight adults.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2015Trial
- Relevance of Milk Composition to Human Longitudinal Growth from Infancy Through Puberty: Facts and Controversies.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Article
- Effects of duration of uninterrupted fast in weekly intermittent fasting: Comparison of an 82-week 5:2 case report to an isocaloric modified 4:3 protocol.Research square · 2023Article
- Are gastrointestinal signals the principal guides to human appetite and energy balance?Medical research archives · 2023Article
- After the spotlight: are evidence-based recommendations for refeeding post-contest energy restriction available for physique athletes? A scoping review.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2022Article
- Article
- Review
- Diet- but not exercise-induced iso-energetic deficit induces compensatory appetitive responses.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Review
- Nutritional Recommendations for Physique Athletes.Journal of human kinetics · 2020Article
- Preconception Leptin and Fecundability, Pregnancy, and Live Birth Among Women With a History of Pregnancy Loss.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2019Article
- Neural effects of hand-grip-activity induced fatigue sensation on appetite: a magnetoencephalography study.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Understanding Human Physiological Limitations and Societal Pressures in Favor of Overeating Helps to Avoid Obesity.Nutrients · 2019Review
- Caloric Restriction-Induced Decreases in Dopamine Receptor Availability are Associated with Leptin Concentration.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2017Article
- The association of serum adiponectin with abdominal aortic calcification in Japanese male hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional observational study.Scientific reports · 2017Observational
- Article
- Obesity Impairs the Action of the Neuroendocrine Ghrelin System.Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM · 2016Review
- Counterregulation of insulin by leptin as key component of autonomic regulation of body weight.World journal of diabetes · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextIt is uncertain how between-meal variations in energy availability and physiological changes in ghrelin, leptin, and insulin affect appetite.
objectiveThe aim of the study was to examine the influence on human appetite of the meal size and its nutrient content or changes in energy availability and concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, and insulin.
designWe conducted a crossover study manipulating meal size and energy availability through exercise energy expenditure and iv nutrient replacement (TPN).
settingThe study was performed at a Clinical Research Center.
participantsTen healthy postmenopausal women (age, 59.7 +/- 1.5 yr; mean body mass index, 26 kg/m(2)) were studied.
interventionsWe conducted trials based on different morning meal size (418 vs. 2090 KJ), presence or absence of exercise energy expenditure (2273 to 2361 KJ), energy replacement by TPN (1521 to 1538 KJ), and a midday ad libitum meal.
main outcome measuresChanges in hunger, fullness, midday ad libitum food consumption, and concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, insulin, and metabolic fuels were measured. We also performed midday meal tests for the presence of caloric compensation.
resultsAppetite was influenced by the size and energy content of the meals, but not by variation in energy availability which also did not trigger consummatory compensation. Exercise reduced hunger and increased fullness. Ghrelin, leptin, and insulin responded to changes in energy availability but not to meal size. Appetite was unaffected by physiological changes in ghrelin, leptin, or insulin.
conclusionsDuring rest, appetite is influenced by the size and energy content of meals, but it bears no homeostatic relationship to between-meal changes in energy availability due to small meals, exercise, or TPN, or concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, and insulin.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.