ArticleBMC public health2009
A typhoid fever outbreak in a slum of South Dumdum municipality, West Bengal, India, 2007: evidence for foodborne and waterborne transmission.
Article in BMC public health, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Associations of water, sanitation, and hygiene with typhoid fever in case-control studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Associations among Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, and Food Exposures and Typhoid Fever in Case-Control Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Pooled it
- Estimating Typhoid Fever Risk Associated with Lack of Access to Safe Water: A Systematic Literature Review.Journal of environmental and public health · 2018Pooled it
- The Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid in India: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Pooled it
- IAPSM's Position Paper on Typhoid Vaccines for Adult Immunization in India.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine · 2024Article
- Review
- An overview for monitoring and prediction of pathogenic microorganisms in the atmosphere.Fundamental research · 2024Review
- Assessment of sanitation and drinking water facilities among slum households in Bhubaneswar, Odisha - A cross-sectional study.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2023Article
- Changing Paradigms in Antibiotic Resistance inAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Association of water, sanitation, hygiene and food practices with enteric fever in a paediatric cohort in North India.BMJ paediatrics open · 2022Article
- Case-Control Study of Household and Environmental Transmission of Typhoid Fever in India.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Geographic Pattern of Typhoid Fever in India: A Model-Based Estimate of Cohort and Surveillance Data.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Risk Factors of Extensively Drug Resistant Typhoid Fever Among Children in Karachi: Case-Control Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2021Article
- Typhoid Outbreaks, 1989-2018: Implications for Prevention and Control.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Review
- Epidemiological investigation of a typhoid fever outbreak in Sekhukhune District, Limpopo province, South Africa - 2017.Southern African journal of infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Integrating Typhoid Fever Within the Sustainable Development Goals: Pragmatism or Utopia?Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
- Risk factors for transmission ofThe Pan African medical journal · 2018Article
- Environmental Survey of Drinking Water Sources in Kampala, Uganda, during a Typhoid Fever Outbreak.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2017Article
- Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and molecular typing of salmonella typhi isolated from patients with typhoid fever in Lebanon.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2015Article
- YgaE regulates out membrane proteins in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi under hyperosmotic stress.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn April 2007, a slum of South Dumdum municipality, West Bengal reported an increase in fever cases. We investigated to identify the agent, the source and to propose recommendations.
methodsWe defined a suspected case of typhoid fever as occurrence of fever for > or = one week among residents of ward 1 of South Dumdum during February - May 2007. We searched for suspected cases in health care facilities and collected blood specimens. We described the outbreak by time, place and person. We compared probable cases (Widal positive > or = 1:80) with neighbourhood-matched controls. We assessed the environment and collected water specimens.
resultsWe identified 103 suspected cases (Attack rate: 74/10,000, highest among 5-14 years old group, no deaths). Salmonella (enterica) Typhi was isolated from one of four blood specimens and 65 of 103 sera were > or = 1:80 Widal positive. The outbreak started on 13 February, peaked twice during the last week of March and second week of April and lasted till 27 April. Suspected cases clustered around three public taps. Among 65 probable cases and 65 controls, eating milk products from a sweet shop (Matched odds ratio [MOR]: 6.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.4-16, population attributable fraction [PAF]: 53%) and drinking piped water (MOR: 7.3, 95% CI: 2.5-21, PAF-52%) were associated with illness. The sweet shop food handler suffered from typhoid in January. The pipelines of intermittent non-chlorinated water supply ran next to an open drain connected with sewerage system and water specimens showed faecal contamination.
conclusionThe investigation suggested that an initial foodborne outbreak of typhoid led to the contamination of the water supply resulting in a secondary, waterborne wave. We educated the food handler, repaired the pipelines and ensured chlorination of the water.
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