ArticleHeart (British Cardiac Society)2009
Cardiorespiratory risk factors as predictors of 40-year mortality in women and men.
Article in Heart (British Cardiac Society), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
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- The sex-specific association between BMI and coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 95 cohorts with 1·2 million participants.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2015Pooled it
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- Markers of dysglycaemia and risk of coronary heart disease in people without diabetes: Reykjavik prospective study and systematic review.PLoS medicine · 2010Pooled it
- Coronary heart disease incidence and competing risks: an important issue.Journal of geriatric cardiology : JGC · 2017Article
- BMI and all cause mortality: systematic review and non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of 230 cohort studies with 3.74 million deaths among 30.3 million participants.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2016Article
- Investigating the effects of arctic dietary intake on lung health.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2015Article
- Increased predictive ability of BMI but not other risk factors with time in men: 39-year follow-up of total mortality in the Oslo Study.Obesity facts · 2014Article
- Impact of smoking and quitting on cardiovascular outcomes and risk advancement periods among older adults.European journal of epidemiology · 2013Article
- Age- and Gender-Normalized Coronary Incidence and Mortality Risks in Primary and Secondary Prevention.Cardiology research · 2012Review
- Artificial neural networks versus proportional hazards Cox models to predict 45-year all-cause mortality in the Italian Rural Areas of the Seven Countries Study.BMC medical research methodology · 2012Article
- Determinants of 40-year all-cause mortality in the European cohorts of the Seven Countries Study.European journal of epidemiology · 2011Article
- Why does lung function predict mortality? Results from the Whitehall II Cohort Study.American journal of epidemiology · 2010Article
- Impact of lifestyle in middle-aged women on mortality: evidence from the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2010Article
- Outcome measures in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): strengths and limitations.Respiratory research · 2010Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveMost historical studies of cardiorespiratory risk factors as predictors of mortality have been based on men. This study examines whether they predict mortality over long periods in women and men.
designProspective cohort study.
settingParticipants were employees of the General Post Office.
methodsRisk factor data were collected via clinical examination and questionnaire, 1966-7. Associations between cardiorespiratory risk factors and 40-year mortality were determined for 644 women and 1272 men aged 35-70 at examination.
main outcome measuresAll-cause, cardiovascular (CVD), cancer and respiratory mortality.
resultsAssociations between systolic blood pressure and all-cause and stroke mortality were equally strong for women and men, hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.25 (1.1 to 1.4) and 1.18 (1.1 to 1.3); and 2.17 (1.7 to 2.8) and 1.69 (1.4 to 2.1), respectively. Cholesterol was higher in women and was associated with all-cause 1.22 (1.1 to 1.4) and CVD 1.39 (1.2 to 1.7) mortality, while associations between 2-hour glucose and all-cause 1.15 (1.1 to 1.2), coronary heart disease (CHD) 1.25 (1.1 to 1.4) and respiratory mortality 1.21 (1.0 to 1.5) were observed in men. Obesity was associated with stroke in women (2.42 (1.12 to 5.24)) and CHD in men (1.59 (1.02 to 2.49)), while ECG ischaemia was associated with CVD in both sexes. The strongest, most consistent predictor of mortality was smoking in women and poor lung function in men. However, evidence of sex differences in associations between the cardiorespiratory risk factors measured and mortality was sparse.
conclusionsData from a 40-year follow-up period show remarkably persistent associations between risk factors and cardiorespiratory and all-cause mortality in women and men.
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