ArticleClinical and vaccine immunology : CVI2009
Gene expression of nucleic acid-sensing pattern recognition receptors in children hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus-associated acute bronchiolitis.
Article in Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Burden and Characteristics of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Bronchiolitis in Hospitalized Infants in Italy: A Systematic Review.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Pooled it
- The Human Immune Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2017Pooled it
- p53-responsive TLR8 SNP enhances human innate immune response to respiratory syncytial virus.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2019Trial
- Hypoxia inducible factors regulate pneumovirus replication by enhancing innate immune sensing.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Differential antiviral effects and immune responses in nasal and airway organoid during RSV infection: implications for interferon therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Host Immune Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Review
- Pathogenicity and virulence of human respiratory syncytial virus: Multifunctional nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2.Virulence · 2024Review
- Interactions Between Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Cattle: Aspects of Pathogenesis and Immunity.Viruses · 2024Review
- Nasopharyngeal and Peripheral Blood Type II Interferon Signature Evaluation in Infants during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Observational
- Review
- Early innate immune response triggered by the human respiratory syncytial virus and its regulation by ubiquitination/deubiquitination processes.Journal of biomedical science · 2022Review
- Innate Immune Evasion by Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Structural basis for IFN antagonism by human respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein 2.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Innate Receptor Activation Patterns Involving TLR and NLR Synergisms in COVID-19, ALI/ARDS and Sepsis Cytokine Storms: A Review and Model Making Novel Predictions and Therapeutic Suggestions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Current Insights into the Host Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2021Article
- Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate immune responses.PLoS pathogens · 2019Review
- Utility of the Neonatal Calf Model for Testing Vaccines and Intervention Strategies for Use against Human RSV Infection.Vaccines · 2019Review
- Induction and Subversion of Human Protective Immunity: Contrasting Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Host Transcription Profile in Nasal Epithelium and Whole Blood of Hospitalized Children Under 2 Years of Age With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2017Article
- The innate immune response to RSV: Advances in our understanding of critical viral and host factors.Vaccine · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Given the critical role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in acid nucleic recognition in the initiation of innate immunity and the orchestration of adaptive immunity, the aim of this study was to determine whether any heterogeneity of PRR expression in the airway tracts of infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection might explain the broad clinical spectrum of RSV-associated bronchiolitis in infants. For this purpose, the levels of melanoma differentiation-associated protein-5 (MDA-5), retinoic acid inducible gene-1 (RIG-1), and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3), TLR-7, TLR-8, and TLR-9 mRNAs were evaluated, using TaqMan quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, in cells from nasopharyngeal washes collected from 157 infants suffering from acute bronchiolitis whether or not they were associated with respiratory viruses. High interindividual variability was observed in both virus-positive and -negative infants; however, the relative gene expression levels of MDA-5, RIG-1, TLR-7, and TLR-8 were significantly higher in the virus-infected group, whereas the expression levels of TLR-3 and TLR-9 were not significantly different. The differences in the gene expression of MDA-5, RIG-1, TLR-7, and TLR-8 were more evident in infants with RSV infection than in those with bocavirus or rhinovirus infection. In RSV-infected infants, PRR-mRNA levels also were analyzed in relation to interferon protein levels, viral load, clinical severity, days of hospitalization, age, and body weight. A significant positive correlation was observed only between RSV viral load and RIG-1 mRNA levels. These findings provide the first direct evidence that, in infants with respiratory virus-associated bronchiolitis, especially RSV, there are substantial changes in PRR gene expression; this likely is an important determinant of the clinical outcome of bronchiolitis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.