ReviewNuclear receptor signaling2009
Function of retinoic acid receptors during embryonic development.
Review in Nuclear receptor signaling, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 176 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
176 citing papers in PubMed, 359 citations in OpenAlex.
- Retinoic Acid Receptor γ Is a Ligand-Activated Gatekeeper to Stem Cell Developmental Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Retinoid-X receptor action and disruption in development.Developmental biology · 2026Review
- [Reversible nyctalopia following bariatric surgery in a young woman in Germany].Die Ophthalmologie · 2025Article
- Nuclear receptors in health and disease: signaling pathways, biological functions and pharmaceutical interventions.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Article
- Analysis of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes genetic variants and RAR/RXR expression in patients diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome: a case-control study.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- The potential of retinoic acid receptors as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in gastric cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
- AHuman mutation · 2024Article
- Exploring the role of trifarotene against RAR-α: an investigation of expression pattern and clinicopathological significance of RAR-α in breast cancer.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Insights into preeclampsia: a bioinformatics approach to deciphering genetic and immune contributions.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Article
- Vitamin A, D, E, and K as Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/9 Regulators That Affect Expression and Enzymatic Activity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Retinoic Acid Signaling in Fatty Liver Disease.Liver research (Beijing, China) · 2023Article
- Regulation of retinoid mediated StAR transcription and steroidogenesis in hippocampal neuronal cells: Implications for StAR in protecting Alzheimer's disease.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease · 2023Article
- Timeline of Developmental Defects Generated upon Genetic Inhibition of the Retinoic Acid Receptor Signaling Pathway.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Demystifying the Functional Role of Nuclear Receptors in Esophageal Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Mechanisms of Feedback Regulation of Vitamin A Metabolism.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Retinoid Homeostasis and Beyond: How Retinol Binding Protein 4 Contributes to Health and Disease.Nutrients · 2022Review
116 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Retinoids, the active metabolites of vitamin A, regulate complex gene networks involved in vertebrate morphogenesis, growth, cellular differentiation and homeostasis. Studies performed in vitro, using either acellular systems or transfected cells, have shown that retinoid actions are mediated through heterodimers between the RAR and RXR nuclear receptors. However, in vitro studies indicate what is possible, but not necessarily what is actually occurring in vivo, because they are performed under non-physiological conditions. Therefore, genetic approaches in the animal have been be used to determine the physiological functions of retinoid receptors. Homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells has been used to generate germline null mutations of the RAR- and RXR-coding genes in the mouse. As reviewed here, the generation of such germline mutations, combined with pharmacological approaches to block the RA signalling pathway, has provided genetic evidence that RAR/RXR heterodimers are indeed the functional units transducing the RA signal during prenatal development. However, due to (i) the complexity in "hormonal" signalling through transduction by the multiple RARs and RXRs, (ii) the functional redundancies (possibly artefactually generated by the mutations) within receptor isotypes belonging to a given family, and (iii) in utero or early postnatal lethality of certain germline null mutations, these genetic studies have failed to reveal all the physiological functions of RARs and RXRs, notably in adults. Spatio-temporally-controlled somatic mutations generated in given cell types/tissues and at chosen times during postnatal life, will be required to reveal all the functions of RAR and RXR throughout the lifetime of the mouse.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.