ArticleJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2009
Exploring the relationship between sexually transmitted diseases and HIV acquisition by using different study designs.
Article in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2021Guideline
- Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2015Guideline
- Correlates of never testing for HIV among men who have sex with men in Nepal.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Factors associated with bacterial sexually transmitted infection screening uptake and diagnosis among men who have sex with men in France.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Determining the strength of evidence for an association between sexual indicators and risk of acquiring HIV and sexually transmitted infections: Providing evidence for blood donation policy change.Transfusion medicine (Oxford, England) · 2024Review
- Doxycycline Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections: The Current Landscape and Future Directions.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2024Review
- The Development and Performance of a Machine-Learning Based Mobile Platform for Visually Determining the Etiology of 5 Penile Diseases.Mayo Clinic proceedings. Digital health · 2024Article
- Clinical Decision Support System for Guidelines-Based Treatment of Gonococcal Infections, Screening for HIV, and Prescription of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: Design and Implementation Study.JMIR formative research · 2024Article
- Clinical Performance of Cas13a-based Point-of-Care Lateral Flow Assay for DetectingmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Development of Cas13a-based assays formSphere · 2023Article
- [Epidemiological situation of post-pandemic sexually transmitted infections in Catalonia, Spain].Medicina clinica · 2023Article
- Development of Cas13a-based Assays formedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- Multifactorial Correlates of Incident Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Black Men Who Have Sex With Men Recruited in 6 US Cities (HIV Prevention Trials Network 061).Sexually transmitted diseases · 2021Article
- Association of medical male circumcision and sexually transmitted infections in a population-based study using targeted maximum likelihood estimation.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Trends and correlates of sexually transmitted infections among sexually active Ugandan female youths: evidence from three demographic and health surveys, 2006-2016.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Awareness of and Interest in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis among Patients Receiving Services at Public Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics in an Urban Setting.Journal of health care for the poor and underserved · 2021Article
- A Secondary Mixed Methods Analysis of a Pay-it-Forward Gonorrhea/Chlamydia Testing Program Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in China.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2020Article
- Assessing Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV Risk Among Transgender Women in Lima, Peru: Beyond Behavior.LGBT health · 2019Article
- Venue-Based HIV-Testing: An Effective Screening Strategy for High-Risk Populations in Lima, Peru.AIDS and behavior · 2019Article
- Developing a Mobile App (LYNX) to Support Linkage to HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for Young Men Who Have Sex With Men: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIt is hypothesized that sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) increase the risk of HIV acquisition. Yet difficulties establishing an accurate temporal relation and controlling confounders have obscured this relationship. In an attempt to overcome prior methodologic shortcomings, we explored the use of different study designs to examine the relationship between STDs and HIV acquisition.
methodsAcutely HIV-infected patients were included as cases and compared with (1) HIV-uninfected patients (matched case-control), (2) newly diagnosed chronically HIV-infected patients (infected analysis), and (3) themselves at prior clinic visits when they tested HIV negative (case crossover).We used t tests to compare the average number of STDs and logistic regression to determine independent correlates and the odds of acute HIV infection.
resultsBetween October 2003 and March 2007, 13,662 male patients who had sex with men were tested for HIV infection at San Francisco's municipal STD clinic and 350 HIV infections (2.56%) were diagnosed. Among the HIV-infected patients, 36 cases (10.3%) were identified as acute. We found consistently higher odds of having had an STD within the 12 months [matched case-control, odds ratio 5.2 (2.2-12.6); infected analysis, odds ratio 1.4 (1.0-2.0); and case crossover, odds ratio 1.3 (0.5-3.1)] and 3 months [matched case- control, odds ratio 34.5 (4.1-291.3); infected analysis, odds ratio 2.3 (1.1-4.8); and case crossover, odds ratio 1.8 (0.6-5.6)] before HIV testing among acutely HIV-infected patients.We found higher odds of acute HIV infection among patients with concurrent rectal gonorrhea [17.0 (2.6-111.4), P < 0.01] or syphilis [5.8 (1.1-32.3), P = 0.04] when compared with those HIV-uninfected patients.
conclusionsAcute HIV infection was associated with a recent or concurrent STD, particularly rectal gonorrhea, among men at San Francisco's municipal STD clinic. Given the complex relationship between STDs and HIV infection, no single design will appropriately control for all the possible confounders; studies using complementary designs are required.
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